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Nutritional status of patients with COVID-19

Im et al., International Journal of Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.08.018
Aug 2020  
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Case 73% Improvement Relative Risk Vitamin D for COVID-19  Im et al.  Sufficiency Are vitamin D levels associated with COVID-19 outcomes? Retrospective 200 patients in South Korea Fewer cases with higher vitamin D levels (p=0.00028) c19early.org Im et al., Int. J. Infectious Diseases, Aug 2020 Favorsvitamin D Favorscontrol 0 0.5 1 1.5 2+
Vitamin D for COVID-19
8th treatment shown to reduce risk in October 2020, now with p < 0.00000000001 from 122 studies, recognized in 9 countries.
No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols combine treatments.
5,100+ studies for 112 treatments. c19early.org
Analysis of 50 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in South Korea showing that 76% of patients were vitamin D deficient. Comparison with 150 matched controls showed a higher probability of cases with vitamin D deficiency.
This is the 10th of 210 COVID-19 sufficiency studies for vitamin D, which collectively show higher levels reduce risk with p<0.0000000001 (1 in 144,755,650 vigintillion).
Study covers selenium and vitamin D.
risk of case, 73.1% lower, OR 0.27, p < 0.001, high D levels 13 of 50 (26.0%) cases, 85 of 150 (56.7%) controls, NNT 4.3, case control OR.
Effect extraction follows pre-specified rules prioritizing more serious outcomes. Submit updates
Im et al., 11 Aug 2020, retrospective, South Korea, peer-reviewed, 6 authors.
This PaperVitamin DAll
Nutritional status of patients with COVID-19
Jae Hyoung Im, Young Soo Je, Jihyeon Baek, Moon-Hyun Chung, Hea Yoon Kwon, Jin-Soo Lee
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.08.018
Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre -including this research content -immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.
Ethical approval This study was approved by the local ethics committee, which waived the need for informed consent. Conflict of interest All authors declare no conflict of interest related to this study. CRediT authorship contribution statement Jae Hyoung Im: Conceptualization, Writing -original draft. Young Soo Je: Writing -review & editing. Jihyeon Baek: Writingreview & editing. Moon-Hyun Chung: Writing -review & editing. Hea Yoon Kwon: Writing -review & editing, Supervision. Jin-Soo Lee: Conceptualization, Supervision. Appendix A. Supplementary data Supplementary material related to this article can be found, in the online version, at doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ijid.2020.08.018.
References
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Autier, Mullie, Macacu, Dragomir, Boniol et al., Effect of vitamin D supplementation on non-skeletal disorders: a systematic review of meta-analyses and randomised trials, Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol
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Bartley, Vitamin D, innate immunity and upper respiratory tract infection, J Laryngol Otol
Baum, Shor-Posner, Lai, Zhang, Lai et al., High risk of HIVrelated mortality is associated with selenium deficiency, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol
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Chandra, Nutrition, immunity, and infection: present knowledge and future directions, Lancet
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Jaspers, Zhang, Brighton, Carson, Styblo et al., Selenium deficiency alters epithelial cell morphology and responses to influenza, Free Radic Biol Med
Kong, Zhu, Shi, Liu, Chen et al., VDR attenuates acute lung injury by blocking Ang-2-Tie-2 pathway and renin-angiotensin system, Mol Endocrinol
Look, Rockstroh, Rao, Kreuzer, Spengler et al., Serum selenium versus lymphocyte subsets and markers of disease progression and inflammatory response in human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection, Biol Trace Elem Res
Mantero-Atienza, Beach, Gavancho, Morgan, Shor-Posner et al., Selenium Status of HIV-1 Infected Individuals, Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition
Martineau, Jolliffe, Hooper, Greenberg, Aloia et al., Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data, BMJ
Nicola, Alsafi, Sohrabi, Kerwan, Al-Jabir et al., The socioeconomic implications of the coronavirus and COVID-19 pandemic: a review, International Journal of Surgery
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Plp, pyridoxal-5-phosphate
Rhodes, Subramanian, Kenny, low population mortality from COVID-19 in countries south of latitude 35 degrees North-supports vitamin D as a factor determining severity, Aliment Pharmacol Ther
Rhodes, Subramanian, Laird, Griffin, Kenny, Perspective: Vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19 severity-plausibly linked by latitude, ethnicity, impacts on cytokines, ACE2, and thrombosis (R1), J Intern Med
Silva, Furlanetto, Does serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D decrease during acutephase response? A systematic review, Nutr Res
Tay, Poh, Rénia, Macary, Ng, The trinity of COVID-19: immunity, inflammation and intervention, Nature Reviews Immunology
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