Vitamin C reduces the severity of common colds: a meta-analysis

DOI record: { "DOI": "10.1186/s12889-023-17229-8", "ISSN": [ "1471-2458" ], "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-17229-8", "abstract": "<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec>\n <jats:title>Background</jats:title>\n <jats:p>Randomized trials have shown that vitamin C shortens the duration of common colds. Some trials reported greater effects on severe cold symptoms compared with mild symptoms. This review systematically compares the effects of vitamin C on severe and mild common cold symptoms.</jats:p>\n </jats:sec><jats:sec>\n <jats:title>Methods</jats:title>\n <jats:p>We included all placebo-controlled trials of orally administered vitamin C in doses of at least 1 g/day for the common cold for people in good health at baseline. The analysis was restricted to trials which reported both the total duration of the common cold, and the severity of the common cold measured using severity scales, the duration of more severe stages of the cold, or proxies for severe colds such as days indoors. Findings were pooled using the inverse variance, fixed effect options of the metacont function of the R package meta to calculate the ratio of means estimate.</jats:p>\n </jats:sec><jats:sec>\n <jats:title>Results</jats:title>\n <jats:p>Fifteen comparisons from 10 trials which reported both mild and severe symptoms were identified. All trials were randomized and double-blind. Compared to placebo, vitamin C significantly decreased the severity of the common cold by 15% (95% CI 9–21%). The direct comparison of the effect of vitamin C on mild and severe symptoms was limited to five comparisons which found that vitamin C had a significant benefit on the duration of severe symptoms. In this subset, there was a significant difference in the size of the effect of vitamin C on the overall duration of colds versus the duration of severe colds (P = 0.002), and vitamin C had no significant effect on the duration of mild symptoms.</jats:p>\n </jats:sec><jats:sec>\n <jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title>\n <jats:p>The common cold is the leading cause of acute morbidity and a major cause of absenteeism from work and school. However, absenteeism is dependent on the severity of symptoms. The finding that vitamin C may have a greater effect on more severe measures of the common cold is therefore important. Further research on the therapeutic effects of vitamin C on the common cold should measure outcomes of differing levels of severity.</jats:p>\n </jats:sec>", "alternative-id": [ "17229" ], "article-number": "2468", "assertion": [ { "group": { "label": "Article History", "name": "ArticleHistory" }, "label": "Received", "name": "received", "order": 1, "value": "15 June 2023" }, { "group": { "label": "Article History", "name": "ArticleHistory" }, "label": "Accepted", "name": "accepted", "order": 2, "value": "14 November 2023" }, { "group": { "label": "Article History", "name": "ArticleHistory" }, "label": "First Online", "name": "first_online", "order": 3, "value": "11 December 2023" }, { "group": { "label": "Declarations", "name": "EthicsHeading" }, "name": "Ethics", "order": 1 }, { "group": { "label": "Ethics approval and consent to participate", "name": "EthicsHeading" }, "name": "Ethics", "order": 2, "value": "Not applicable. This is a systematic review of studies already published." }, { "group": { "label": "Consent for publication", "name": "EthicsHeading" }, "name": "Ethics", "order": 3, "value": "Not applicable." }, { "group": { "label": "Competing interests", "name": "EthicsHeading" }, "name": "Ethics", "order": 4, "value": "The authors declare no competing interests." } ], "author": [ { "ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4710-307X", "affiliation": [], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Hemilä", "given": "Harri", "sequence": "first" }, { "ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1593-3770", "affiliation": [], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Chalker", "given": "Elizabeth", "sequence": "additional" } ], "container-title": "BMC Public Health", "container-title-short": "BMC Public Health", "content-domain": { "crossmark-restriction": false, "domain": [ "link.springer.com" ] }, "created": { "date-parts": [ [ 2023, 12, 11 ] ], "date-time": "2023-12-11T10:02:39Z", "timestamp": 1702288959000 }, "deposited": { "date-parts": [ [ 2023, 12, 13 ] ], "date-time": "2023-12-13T01:03:16Z", "timestamp": 1702429396000 }, "funder": [ { "DOI": "10.13039/100007797", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "name": "University of Helsinki" } ], "indexed": { "date-parts": [ [ 2023, 12, 13 ] ], "date-time": "2023-12-13T05:19:29Z", "timestamp": 1702444769594 }, "is-referenced-by-count": 0, "issue": "1", "issued": { "date-parts": [ [ 2023, 12, 11 ] ] }, "journal-issue": { "issue": "1", "published-online": { "date-parts": [ [ 2023, 12 ] ] } }, "language": "en", "license": [ { "URL": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "content-version": "tdm", "delay-in-days": 0, "start": { "date-parts": [ [ 2023, 12, 11 ] ], "date-time": "2023-12-11T00:00:00Z", "timestamp": 1702252800000 } }, { "URL": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "content-version": "vor", "delay-in-days": 0, "start": { "date-parts": [ [ 2023, 12, 11 ] ], "date-time": "2023-12-11T00:00:00Z", "timestamp": 1702252800000 } } ], "link": [ { "URL": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s12889-023-17229-8.pdf", "content-type": "application/pdf", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "text-mining" }, { "URL": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12889-023-17229-8/fulltext.html", "content-type": "text/html", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "text-mining" }, { "URL": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s12889-023-17229-8.pdf", "content-type": "application/pdf", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "similarity-checking" } ], "member": "297", "original-title": [], "prefix": "10.1186", "published": { "date-parts": [ [ 2023, 12, 11 ] ] }, "published-online": { "date-parts": [ [ 2023, 12, 11 ] ] }, "publisher": "Springer Science and Business Media LLC", "reference": [ { "DOI": "10.1001/jama.2013.286141", "author": "ML Barnett", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "2020", "issue": "19", "journal-title": "JAMA", "key": "17229_CR1", "unstructured": "Barnett ML, Linder JA. 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