Association of ApaI rs7975232 and BsmI rs1544410 in clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients according to different SARS-CoV-2 variants

{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2023, 3, 4]], 'date-time': '2023-03-04T05:42:47Z', 'timestamp': 1677908567220}, 'reference-count': 31, 'publisher': 'Springer Science and Business Media LLC', 'issue': '1', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2023, 3, 3]], 'date-time': '2023-03-03T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1677801600000}, 'content-version': 'tdm', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'}, { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2023, 3, 3]], 'date-time': '2023-03-03T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1677801600000}, 'content-version': 'vor', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'}], 'content-domain': {'domain': ['link.springer.com'], 'crossmark-restriction': False}, 'abstract': '<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>A growing body of research has shown how important ' 'vitamin D is in the prognosis of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). The vitamin D receptor is ' 'necessary for vitamin D to perform its effects, and its polymorphisms can help in this ' 'regard. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate whether the association of ' '<jats:italic>ApaI</jats:italic> rs7975232 and <jats:italic>BsmI</jats:italic> rs1544410 ' 'polymorphisms in different severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ' 'variants were influential in the outcomes of COVID-19. The polymerase chain ' 'reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method was utilized to determine the ' 'different genotypes of <jats:italic>ApaI</jats:italic> rs7975232 and ' '<jats:italic>BsmI</jats:italic> rs1544410 in 1734 and 1450 patients who had recovered and ' 'deceased, respectively. Our finding revealed that the <jats:italic>ApaI</jats:italic> ' 'rs7975232 AA genotype in the Delta and Omicron BA.5 and the CA genotype in the Delta and ' 'Alpha variants were associated with higher mortality rate. Also, the ' '<jats:italic>BsmI</jats:italic> rs1544410 GG genotype in the Delta and Omicron BA.5 and the ' 'GA genotype in the Delta and Alpha variants were related to a higher mortality rate. The A-G ' 'haplotype was linked with COVID-19 mortality in both the Alpha and Delta variants. The A-A ' 'haplotype for the Omicron BA.5 variants was statistically significant. In conclusion, our ' 'research revealed a connection between SARS-CoV-2 variants and the impacts of ' '<jats:italic>ApaI</jats:italic> rs7975232 and <jats:italic>BsmI</jats:italic> rs1544410 ' 'polymorphisms. However, more research is still needed to substantiate our findings.</jats:p>', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41598-023-30859-7', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': {'date-parts': [[2023, 3, 3]], 'date-time': '2023-03-03T14:03:05Z', 'timestamp': 1677852185000}, 'update-policy': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 0, 'title': 'Association of ApaI rs7975232 and BsmI rs1544410 in clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients ' 'according to different SARS-CoV-2 variants', 'prefix': '10.1038', 'volume': '13', 'author': [ {'given': 'Ayad Naji Radha', 'family': 'Al-Gharrawi', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Enayat', 'family': 'Anvari', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Abolfazl', 'family': 'Fateh', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}], 'member': '297', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2023, 3, 3]]}, 'reference': [ { 'key': '30859_CR1', 'first-page': '111356', 'volume': '92', 'author': 'SR Varikasuvu', 'year': '2022', 'unstructured': 'Varikasuvu, S. R. et al. COVID-19 and vitamin D (Co-VIVID study): A ' 'systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. ' 'Expert Rev. Anti-infect. Ther. 92, 111356 (2022).', 'journal-title': 'Expert Rev. Anti-infect. Ther.'}, { 'key': '30859_CR2', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '115', 'DOI': '10.37201/req/158.2021', 'volume': '35', 'author': 'A García-Lledó', 'year': '2022', 'unstructured': 'García-Lledó, A. et al. Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an ' 'opinion paper. Rev. Esp. Quimioter. 35, 115 (2022).', 'journal-title': 'Rev. Esp. Quimioter.'}, { 'key': '30859_CR3', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '363', 'DOI': '10.1139/cjpp-2014-0352', 'volume': '93', 'author': 'RR Watkins', 'year': '2015', 'unstructured': 'Watkins, R. R., Lemonovich, T. L. & Salata, R. A. An update on the ' 'association of vitamin D deficiency with common infectious diseases. ' 'Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 93, 363–368 (2015).', 'journal-title': 'Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol.'}, { 'key': '30859_CR4', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.nut.2021.111356', 'volume': '91', 'author': 'DTM Brito', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Brito, D. T. M., Ribeiro, L. H. C., da Cunha Daltro, C. H. & de Barros ' 'Silva, R. The possible benefits of vitamin D in COVID-19. Nutrition 91, ' '111356 (2021).', 'journal-title': 'Nutrition'}, { 'key': '30859_CR5', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '651', 'DOI': '10.3390/nu9070651', 'volume': '9', 'author': 'PHF Gois', 'year': '2017', 'unstructured': 'Gois, P. H. F., Ferreira, D., Olenski, S. & Seguro, A. C. Vitamin D and ' 'infectious diseases: simple bystander or contributing factor?. Nutrients ' '9, 651 (2017).', 'journal-title': 'Nutrients'}, { 'key': '30859_CR6', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1714', 'DOI': '10.3390/nu13051714', 'volume': '13', 'author': 'H AlSafar', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'AlSafar, H. et al. COVID-19 disease severity and death in relation to ' 'vitamin D status among SARS-CoV-2-positive UAE residents. Nutrients 13, ' '1714 (2021).', 'journal-title': 'Nutrients'}, { 'key': '30859_CR7', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1002/rmv.2119', 'volume': '30', 'author': 'A Malek Mahdavi', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Malek Mahdavi, A. A brief review of interplay between vitamin D and ' 'angiotensin-converting enzyme 2: Implications for a potential treatment ' 'for COVID-19. Rev. Med. Virol. 30, e2119 (2020).', 'journal-title': 'Rev. Med. Virol.'}, { 'key': '30859_CR8', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1', 'DOI': '10.4274/jpr.galenos.2021.45762', 'volume': '9', 'author': 'N Zeidan', 'year': '2022', 'unstructured': 'Zeidan, N. et al. Vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D receptor FokI ' 'polymorphism as risk factors for COVID-19. Pediatr. Res. 9, 1–8 (2022).', 'journal-title': 'Pediatr. Res.'}, { 'key': '30859_CR9', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '395', 'DOI': '10.1002/eji.200636043', 'volume': '37', 'author': 'E van Etten', 'year': '2007', 'unstructured': 'van Etten, E. et al. The vitamin D receptor gene FokI polymorphism: ' 'functional impact on the immune system. Eur. J. Immunol. 37, 395–405 ' '(2007).', 'journal-title': 'Eur. J. Immunol.'}, { 'key': '30859_CR10', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1834', 'DOI': '10.1002/jmv.22179', 'volume': '83', 'author': 'T Kresfelder', 'year': '2011', 'unstructured': 'Kresfelder, T., Janssen, R., Bont, L. & Venter, M. Confirmation of an ' 'association between single nucleotide polymorphisms in the VDR gene with ' 'respiratory syncytial virus related disease in South African children. ' 'J. Med. Virol. 83, 1834–1840 (2011).', 'journal-title': 'J. Med. Virol.'}, { 'key': '30859_CR11', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '676', 'DOI': '10.1086/527488', 'volume': '197', 'author': 'DE Roth', 'year': '2008', 'unstructured': 'Roth, D. E., Jones, A. B., Prosser, C., Robinson, J. L. & Vohra, S. ' 'Vitamin D receptor polymorphisms and the risk of acute lower respiratory ' 'tract infection in early childhood. J. Infect. Dis. 197, 676–680 (2008).', 'journal-title': 'J. Infect. Dis.'}, { 'key': '30859_CR12', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '2346', 'DOI': '10.3390/genes13122346', 'volume': '13', 'author': 'WHM Albu-Mohammed', 'year': '2022', 'unstructured': 'Albu-Mohammed, W. H. M., Anvari, E. & Fateh, A. Evaluating the role of ' 'BglI rs739837 and TaqI rs731236 polymorphisms in Vitamin D receptor with ' 'SARS-CoV-2 variants mortality rate. Genes 13, 2346 (2022).', 'journal-title': 'Genes'}, { 'key': '30859_CR13', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '105', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.gene.2017.12.027', 'volume': '645', 'author': 'Q He', 'year': '2018', 'unstructured': 'He, Q. et al. Association between vitamin D receptor polymorphisms and ' 'hepatitis B virus infection susceptibility: A meta-analysis study. Gene ' '645, 105–112 (2018).', 'journal-title': 'Gene'}, { 'key': '30859_CR14', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1', 'DOI': '10.1186/s12881-019-0903-y', 'volume': '20', 'author': 'NX Hoan', 'year': '2019', 'unstructured': 'Hoan, N. X. et al. Vitamin D receptor ApaI polymorphism associated with ' 'progression of liver disease in Vietnamese patients chronically infected ' 'with hepatitis B virus. BMC Med. Genet. 20, 1–12 (2019).', 'journal-title': 'BMC Med. Genet.'}, { 'key': '30859_CR15', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105098', 'volume': '96', 'author': 'R Abdollahzadeh', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Abdollahzadeh, R. et al. Association of Vitamin D receptor gene ' 'polymorphisms and clinical/severe outcomes of COVID-19 patients. Infect. ' 'Genet. Evol. 96, 105098 (2021).', 'journal-title': 'Infect. Genet. Evol.'}, { 'key': '30859_CR16', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '4240', 'DOI': '10.3390/nu7064240', 'volume': '7', 'author': 'CL Greiller', 'year': '2015', 'unstructured': 'Greiller, C. L. & Martineau, A. R. Modulation of the immune response to ' 'respiratory viruses by vitamin D. Nutrients 7, 4240–4270 (2015).', 'journal-title': 'Nutrients'}, { 'key': '30859_CR17', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '271', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052', 'volume': '181', 'author': 'M Hoffmann', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Hoffmann, M. et al. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 ' 'and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell 181, ' '271–280 (2020).', 'journal-title': 'Cell'}, { 'key': '30859_CR18', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '29821', 'DOI': '10.1074/jbc.M705495200', 'volume': '282', 'author': 'W Yuan', 'year': '2007', 'unstructured': 'Yuan, W. et al. 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 suppresses renin gene ' 'transcription by blocking the activity of the cyclic AMP response ' 'element in the renin gene promoter. J. Biol. Chem. 282, 29821–29830 ' '(2007).', 'journal-title': 'J. Biol. Chem.'}, { 'key': '30859_CR19', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '11594', 'DOI': '10.1080/07391102.2021.1964601', 'volume': '40', 'author': 'Y Song', 'year': '2022', 'unstructured': 'Song, Y. et al. Vitamin D3 and its hydroxyderivatives as promising drugs ' 'against COVID-19: A computational study. J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn. 40, ' '11594–11610 (2022).', 'journal-title': 'J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn.'}, { 'key': '30859_CR20', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '246', 'DOI': '10.1152/ajpendo.00174.2021', 'volume': '321', 'author': 'S Qayyum', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Qayyum, S. et al. Vitamin D and lumisterol novel metabolites can inhibit ' 'SARS-CoV-2 replication machinery enzymes. Am. J. Physiol.-Endocrinol. ' 'Metab. 321, 246–251 (2021).', 'journal-title': 'Am. J. Physiol.-Endocrinol. Metab.'}, { 'key': '30859_CR21', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '4779', 'DOI': '10.3390/nu14224779', 'volume': '14', 'author': 'S Qayyum', 'year': '2022', 'unstructured': 'Qayyum, S., Slominski, R. M., Raman, C. & Slominski, A. T. Novel ' 'CYP11A1-derived vitamin D and lumisterol biometabolites for the ' 'management of COVID-19. Nutrients 14, 4779 (2022).', 'journal-title': 'Nutrients'}, { 'key': '30859_CR22', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '885', 'DOI': '10.1111/exd.14170', 'volume': '29', 'author': 'RM Slominski', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Slominski, R. M. et al. COVID-19 and Vitamin D: A lesson from the skin. ' 'Exp. Dermatol. 29, 885–890 (2020).', 'journal-title': 'Exp. Dermatol.'}, { 'key': '30859_CR23', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': 'S531', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.dsx.2017.03.047', 'volume': '11', 'author': 'HA Hasan', 'year': '2017', 'unstructured': 'Hasan, H. A., Raed, O. A., Muda, W. A. M. B. W., Mohamed, H. J. B. J. & ' 'Samsudin, A. R. Association of Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms ' 'with metabolic syndrome and its components among adult Arabs from the ' 'United Arab Emirates. Diabetes Metab. Syndr. 11, S531–S537 (2017).', 'journal-title': 'Diabetes Metab. Syndr.'}, { 'key': '30859_CR24', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '819', 'DOI': '10.1111/cen.14664', 'volume': '96', 'author': 'T Apaydin', 'year': '2022', 'unstructured': 'Apaydin, T. et al. Effects of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms on ' 'the prognosis of COVID-19. Clin. Endocrinol. 96, 819–830 (2022).', 'journal-title': 'Clin. Endocrinol.'}, { 'key': '30859_CR25', 'first-page': '60', 'volume': '27', 'author': 'L Karcioğlu', 'year': '2022', 'unstructured': 'Karcioğlu, L. Correlation of the variations in prevalence of coronavirus ' 'disease 2019 and vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms in cohorts from ' '26 countries. Anatolian Clin. J. Med. Sci. 27, 60–70 (2022).', 'journal-title': 'Anatolian Clin. J. Med. Sci.'}, { 'key': '30859_CR26', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '27', 'DOI': '10.3390/jcdd9010027', 'volume': '9', 'author': 'G Cimmino', 'year': '2022', 'unstructured': 'Cimmino, G. et al. Vitamin D Inhibits IL-6 pro-atherothrombotic effects ' 'in human endothelial cells: A potential mechanism for protection against ' 'COVID-19 infection?. J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 9, 27 (2022).', 'journal-title': 'J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis.'}, { 'key': '30859_CR27', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1230', 'DOI': '10.1097/INF.0b013e31829e4d06', 'volume': '32', 'author': 'A Moodley', 'year': '2013', 'unstructured': 'Moodley, A., Qin, M., Singh, K. K. & Spector, S. A. Vitamin D related ' 'host genetic variants alter HIV disease progression in children. ' 'Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 32, 1230–1236 (2013).', 'journal-title': 'Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.'}, { 'key': '30859_CR28', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '196', 'DOI': '10.1007/s10875-008-9234-z', 'volume': '29', 'author': 'K Alagarasu', 'year': '2009', 'unstructured': 'Alagarasu, K., Selvaraj, P., Swaminathan, S., Narendran, G. & Narayanan, ' 'P. 5′ regulatory and 3′ untranslated region polymorphisms of vitamin D ' 'receptor gene in South Indian HIV and HIV–TB patients. J. Clin. Immunol. ' '29, 196–204 (2009).', 'journal-title': 'J. Clin. Immunol.'}, { 'key': '30859_CR29', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '405', 'DOI': '10.1086/525043', 'volume': '197', 'author': 'M Sánchez de laTorre', 'year': '2008', 'unstructured': 'Sánchez de laTorre, M. et al. Vitamin D receptor gene haplotypes and ' 'susceptibility to HIV-1 infection in injection drug users. J. Infect. ' 'Dis. 197, 405–410 (2008).', 'journal-title': 'J. Infect. Dis.'}, { 'key': '30859_CR30', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '143', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.gene.2004.05.014', 'volume': '338', 'author': 'AG Uitterlinden', 'year': '2004', 'unstructured': 'Uitterlinden, A. G., Fang, Y., Van Meurs, J. B., Pols, H. A. & Van ' 'Leeuwen, J. P. Genetics and biology of vitamin D receptor polymorphisms. ' 'Gene 338, 143–156 (2004).', 'journal-title': 'Gene'}, { 'key': '30859_CR31', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '683', 'DOI': '10.1038/nrg3051', 'volume': '12', 'author': 'ZE Sauna', 'year': '2011', 'unstructured': 'Sauna, Z. E. & Kimchi-Sarfaty, C. Understanding the contribution of ' 'synonymous mutations to human disease. Nat. Rev. Genet. 12, 683–691 ' '(2011).', 'journal-title': 'Nat. Rev. Genet.'}], 'container-title': 'Scientific Reports', 'original-title': [], 'language': 'en', 'link': [ { 'URL': 'https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-30859-7.pdf', 'content-type': 'application/pdf', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'text-mining'}, { 'URL': 'https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-30859-7', 'content-type': 'text/html', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'text-mining'}, { 'URL': 'https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-30859-7.pdf', 'content-type': 'application/pdf', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'similarity-checking'}], 'deposited': { 'date-parts': [[2023, 3, 3]], 'date-time': '2023-03-03T14:07:48Z', 'timestamp': 1677852468000}, 'score': 1, 'resource': {'primary': {'URL': 'https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-30859-7'}}, 'subtitle': [], 'short-title': [], 'issued': {'date-parts': [[2023, 3, 3]]}, 'references-count': 31, 'journal-issue': {'issue': '1', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2023, 12]]}}, 'alternative-id': ['30859'], 'URL': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-30859-7', 'relation': {}, 'ISSN': ['2045-2322'], 'subject': ['Multidisciplinary'], 'container-title-short': 'Sci Rep', 'published': {'date-parts': [[2023, 3, 3]]}, 'assertion': [ { 'value': '8 December 2022', 'order': 1, 'name': 'received', 'label': 'Received', 'group': {'name': 'ArticleHistory', 'label': 'Article History'}}, { 'value': '2 March 2023', 'order': 2, 'name': 'accepted', 'label': 'Accepted', 'group': {'name': 'ArticleHistory', 'label': 'Article History'}}, { 'value': '3 March 2023', 'order': 3, 'name': 'first_online', 'label': 'First Online', 'group': {'name': 'ArticleHistory', 'label': 'Article History'}}, { 'value': 'The authors declare no competing interests.', 'order': 1, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Competing interests'}}], 'article-number': '3612'}