Association of ApaI rs7975232 and BsmI rs1544410 in clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients according to different SARS-CoV-2 variants
Al-Gharrawi et al.,
Association of ApaI rs7975232 and BsmI rs1544410 in clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients according to..,
Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-023-30859-7
Retrospective 3,184 patients in Iran, showing COVID-19 outcomes for specific variants were associated with genotypes of the ApaI rs7975232 and BsmI rs1544410 vitamin D receptor polymorphisms.
Al-Gharrawi et al., 3 Mar 2023, Iran, peer-reviewed, mean age 53.0, 3 authors, study period November 2020 - February 2022.
Contact:
anvari_ph@yahoo.com, afateh2@gmail.com.
Abstract: www.nature.com/scientificreports
OPEN
Association of ApaI rs7975232
and BsmI rs1544410 in clinical
outcomes of COVID‑19 patients
according to different SARS‑CoV‑2
variants
Ayad Naji Radha Al‑Gharrawi 1, Enayat Anvari 2* & Abolfazl Fateh 3,4*
A growing body of research has shown how important vitamin D is in the prognosis of coronavirus
disease 19 (COVID-19). The vitamin D receptor is necessary for vitamin D to perform its effects, and
its polymorphisms can help in this regard. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate whether the association
of ApaI rs7975232 and BsmI rs1544410 polymorphisms in different severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants were influential in the outcomes of COVID-19. The polymerase
chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method was utilized to determine the
different genotypes of ApaI rs7975232 and BsmI rs1544410 in 1734 and 1450 patients who had
recovered and deceased, respectively. Our finding revealed that the ApaI rs7975232 AA genotype in
the Delta and Omicron BA.5 and the CA genotype in the Delta and Alpha variants were associated
with higher mortality rate. Also, the BsmI rs1544410 GG genotype in the Delta and Omicron BA.5
and the GA genotype in the Delta and Alpha variants were related to a higher mortality rate. The
A-G haplotype was linked with COVID-19 mortality in both the Alpha and Delta variants. The A-A
haplotype for the Omicron BA.5 variants was statistically significant. In conclusion, our research
revealed a connection between SARS-CoV-2 variants and the impacts of ApaI rs7975232 and BsmI
rs1544410 polymorphisms. However, more research is still needed to substantiate our findings.
The World Health Organization (WHO) reports demonstrate that severe acute respiratory syndrome associated
with coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a worldwide pandemic,
in millions of people since December 2019. The symptoms of the COVID-19 can range from mild to moderate
and severe to critical, necessitating hospitalization and intensive care unit (ICU) admissions for some p
atients1. It
is appropriate to shift our focus from preventive to therapeutic measures in light of the development of effective
vaccines against COVID-19, whose efficacies are unusually high but not absolute, and in light of the prospect
that new viral variations may limit its efficacy. Additionally, there are still a significant number of unvaccinated
people2.
Vitamin D deficiency has increased the severity of viral illnesses such as influenza3. According to recent
research, vitamin D can influence SARS-CoV-2 gene expression and reduce infection rate when it binds to the
vitamin D response e lement4. The angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) mediates the SARS-CoV-2 infection and its receptor, which vitamin D. Additionally regulates, vitamin D is known to increase the generation
of antimicrobial proteins, modulate innate and adaptive immune responses, and possibly operate as an antiinflammatory agent5–7.
Vitamin D exerprimarily biological effects through vitamin D receptors (VDRs) are mostly found in the
gastrointestinal tract, bones, lungs, and most immune cells. Even though the VDR is abundantly expressed in
the lung tissue, it is yet unclear how vitamin D-VDR signaling may contribute to pulmonary i mmunopathology8.
Regarding the related mechanisms, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the gene encoding the VDR
could alter the protective efficacy of vitamin..
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