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Association between Vitamin D Status and Secondary Infections in Patients with Severe COVID-19 Admitted in the Intensive Care Unit of a Tertiary-Level Hospital in Turkey

Batur et al., Diagnostics, doi:10.3390/diagnostics13010059

Dec 2022

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Vitamin D for COVID-19

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^*, now known with p < 0.00000000001 from 120 studies, recognized in 8 countries.

Lower risk for mortality, ICU admission, hospitalization, progression, recovery, cases, and viral clearance.

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Retrospective 194 ICU patients and 30 non-COVID-19 patients in Turkey, showing significantly lower vitamin D levels in COVID-19 patients. There was significantly higher COVID-19 mortality with vitamin D deficiency, and significantly higher risk of secondary hospital infections.

Severe COVID-19 patients with vitamin D deficiency may have increased risks due to secondary infections.

This is the 154th of 196 COVID-19 sufficiency studies for vitamin D, which collectively show higher levels reduce risk with p<0.0000000001 (1 in 11,637 vigintillion).

This study is excluded in the after exclusion results of meta analysis: unadjusted differences between groups.

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risk of death, 71.9% lower, RR 0.28, p < 0.001, high D levels (≥20ng/mL) 17 of 76 (22.4%), low D levels (<20ng/mL) 94 of 118 (79.7%), NNT 1.7.

secondary infection, 23.3% lower, RR 0.77, p = 0.03, high D levels (≥20ng/mL) 40 of 76 (52.6%), low D levels (<20ng/mL) 81 of 118 (68.6%), NNT 6.2, growth in culture.

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Batur et al., 26 Dec 2022, retrospective, Turkey, peer-reviewed, 2 authors, study period March 2020 - June 2021. Contact: lbatur@biruni.edu.tr (corresponding author).

This Paper Vitamin D All

Association between Vitamin D Status and Secondary Infections in Patients with Severe COVID-19 Admitted in the Intensive Care Unit of a Tertiary-Level Hospital in Turkey

Lutfiye Karcioglu Batur, Suna Koç

Diagnostics, doi:10.3390/diagnostics13010059

There are several studies showing that the vitamin D status can determine risk of COVID-19 infections, severity and mortality from coronavirus disease 2019 . However, the association between vitamin D (25(OH)D) and secondary infections in the prognosis of COVID-19 patients has not been reported yet. The aim was to investigate whether the vitamin D status affects the rates of secondary infections in patients with severe COVID-19 hospitalized in the intensive care unit (ICU) of a tertiary-level hospital in Turkey. The data of 194 patients with diagnosis of severe COVID-19 who were admitted to the ICU from March 2020 to June 2021 and older than 18 years were evaluated in this retrospective study. The patients were divided into two groups according to total serum 25(OH)D level as normal group (≥20 ng/mL) and low group (<20 ng/mL). The 25(OH)D level was low in 118 (60.8%) and normal in 76 (39.2%) patients. The mean age of the low group was significantly higher than that of the normal group (67.02 ± 14.47 vs. 61.70 ± 14.38; p = 0.013). The systolic and diastolic blood pressure as well as the Glasgow coma scale score of the low group were significantly lower than that of the normal group (p = 0.004, 0.002 and 0.001, respectively). The intubation rate and APACHE (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation) score of the low group was significantly higher than that of the normal group (p = 0.001). The platelets number and blood pH decreased, and the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, procalcitonin, lactate, urea, creatinine and lactate dehydrogenase concentrations increased significantly in the low group (p < 0.05). The mortality rate was 79.7% in the low group and 22.4% in the normal group (p < 0.001). Microbiological growth was observed in 68.6% of the normal group and 52.6% of the normal group (p = 0.025). The number of cultures with resistant bacteria was significantly higher in the low group (25.9%) than that in the normal group (17.5%) (p = 0.035). The severe COVID-19 patients hospitalized with vitamin D deficiency may have increased risks of poor prognosis and mortality due to secondary infections in the ICU.

Author Contributions: L.K.B. designed the study and S.K. collected the patient data. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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