Vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D receptor FokI polymorphism as risk factors for COVID-19

{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2022, 9, 9]], 'date-time': '2022-09-09T11:45:34Z', 'timestamp': 1662723934237}, 'reference-count': 45, 'publisher': 'Springer Science and Business Media LLC', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2022, 9, 9]], 'date-time': '2022-09-09T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1662681600000}, 'content-version': 'tdm', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'}, { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2022, 9, 9]], 'date-time': '2022-09-09T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1662681600000}, 'content-version': 'vor', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'}], 'content-domain': {'domain': ['link.springer.com'], 'crossmark-restriction': False}, 'abstract': '<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Background</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>Given the sparse data on vitamin D status in pediatric COVID-19, we ' 'investigated whether vitamin D deficiency could be a risk factor for susceptibility to ' 'COVID-19 in Egyptian children and adolescents. We also investigated whether vitamin D ' 'receptor (VDR) FokI polymorphism could be a genetic marker for COVID-19 ' 'susceptibility.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec><jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Methods</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>One hundred and eighty patients diagnosed to have COVID‐19 and 200 ' 'matched control children and adolescents were recruited. Patients were laboratory confirmed ' 'as SARS-CoV-2 positive by real-time RT-PCR. All participants were genotyped for VDR Fok1 ' 'polymorphism by RT-PCR. Vitamin D status was defined as sufficient for serum 25(OH) D at ' 'least 30\u2009ng/mL, insufficient at 21–29\u2009ng/mL, deficient at &lt;20\u2009' 'ng/mL.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec><jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Results</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>Ninety-four patients (52%) had low vitamin D levels with 74 (41%) being ' 'deficient and 20 (11%) had vitamin D insufficiency. Vitamin D deficiency was associated with ' '2.6-fold increased risk for COVID-19 (OR\u2009=\u20092.6; [95% CI 1.96–4.9]; ' '<jats:italic>P</jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.002. The FokI FF genotype was significantly more ' 'represented in patients compared to control group (OR\u2009=\u20094.05; [95% CI: 1.95–8.55]; ' '<jats:italic>P</jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001).</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec><jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>Vitamin D deficiency and VDR Fok I polymorphism may constitute ' 'independent risk factors for susceptibility to COVID-19 in Egyptian children and ' 'adolescents.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec><jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Impact</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p><jats:list list-type="bullet">\n' ' <jats:list-item>\n' ' <jats:p>Vitamin D deficiency could be a modifiable risk factor for COVID-19 ' 'in children and adolescents because of its immune-modulatory action.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:list-item>\n' ' <jats:list-item>\n' ' <jats:p>To our knowledge, ours is the first such study to investigate the ' 'VDR <jats:italic>Fok</jats:italic> I polymorphism in Caucasian children and adolescents with ' 'COVID-19.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:list-item>\n' ' <jats:list-item>\n' ' <jats:p>Vitamin D deficiency and the VDR <jats:italic>Fok</jats:italic> I ' 'polymorphism may constitute independent risk factors for susceptibility to COVID-19 in ' 'Egyptian children and adolescents.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:list-item>\n' ' <jats:list-item>\n' ' <jats:p>Clinical trials should be urgently conducted to test for causality ' 'and to evaluate the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation for prophylaxis and treatment of ' 'COVID-19 taking into account the VDR polymorphisms.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:list-item>\n' ' </jats:list></jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec>', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41390-022-02275-6', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': {'date-parts': [[2022, 9, 9]], 'date-time': '2022-09-09T09:23:48Z', 'timestamp': 1662715428000}, 'update-policy': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 0, 'title': 'Vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D receptor FokI polymorphism as risk factors for COVID-19', 'prefix': '10.1038', 'author': [ {'given': 'Nancy M. 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