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All Studies   Meta Analysis    Recent:   

Vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D receptor FokI polymorphism as risk factors for COVID-19

Zeidan et al., Pediatric Research, doi:10.1038/s41390-022-02275-6
Sep 2022  
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Hospitalization 62% Improvement Relative Risk Vitamin D for COVID-19  Zeidan et al.  Sufficiency Are vitamin D levels associated with COVID-19 outcomes? Prospective study in Egypt Lower hospitalization with higher vitamin D levels (p=0.002) c19early.org Zeidan et al., Pediatric Research, Sep 2022 Favorsvitamin D Favorscontrol 0 0.5 1 1.5 2+
Vitamin D for COVID-19
8th treatment shown to reduce risk in October 2020
 
*, now with p < 0.00000000001 from 122 studies, recognized in 9 countries.
No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols combine treatments. * >10% efficacy, ≥3 studies.
4,800+ studies for 98 treatments. c19early.org
Prospective study of 180 moderate to critical hospitalized pediatric COVID-19 patients and 200 matched controls, showing vitamin D deficiency and the VDR Fok I polymorphism associated with COVID-19 hospitalization.
This is the 145th of 204 COVID-19 sufficiency studies for vitamin D, which collectively show higher levels reduce risk with p<0.0000000001 (1 in 107,767,362 vigintillion).
risk of hospitalization, 61.5% lower, OR 0.38, p = 0.002, cutoff 20ng/mL, adjusted per study, inverted to make OR<1 favor high D levels (≥20ng/mL), case control OR, multivariable.
Effect extraction follows pre-specified rules prioritizing more serious outcomes. Submit updates
Zeidan et al., 9 Sep 2022, prospective, Egypt, peer-reviewed, median age 11.4, 38 authors. Contact: ahmedemam1111@yahoo.com.
This PaperVitamin DAll
Vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D receptor FokI polymorphism as risk factors for COVID-19
Nancy M S Zeidan, Hanan M Abd El Lateef, Dalia M Selim, Suzan A Razek, Ghada A B Abd-Elrehim, Mohamed Nashat, Noha Elgyar, Nevin M Waked, Attia A Soliman, Ahmed A Elhewala, Mohamed M M Shehab, Ahmed A A Ibraheem, Hassan Shehata, Yousif M Yousif, Nagwa E Akeel, Mustafa I A Hashem, Amani A Ahmed, Ahmed A Emam, Mohamed M Abdelmohsen, Mohamed F Ahmed, Ahmed S E Saleh, Heba H Eltrawy, Gehan H Shahin, Rehab M Nabil, Thoraya A Hosny, Mohamed R Abdelhamed, Mona R Afify, Mohanned T Alharbi, Mohammed K Nagshabandi, Muyassar K Tarabulsi, Sherif F Osman, Amal S M Abd-Elrazek, Manal M Rashad, Sonya A A El-Gaaly, Said A B Gad, Mohamed Y Mohamed, Khalil Abdelkhalek, Aly A Yousef
Pediatric Research, doi:10.1038/s41390-022-02275-6
BACKGROUND: Given the sparse data on vitamin D status in pediatric COVID-19, we investigated whether vitamin D deficiency could be a risk factor for susceptibility to COVID-19 in Egyptian children and adolescents. We also investigated whether vitamin D receptor (VDR) FokI polymorphism could be a genetic marker for COVID-19 susceptibility. METHODS: One hundred and eighty patients diagnosed to have COVID-19 and 200 matched control children and adolescents were recruited. Patients were laboratory confirmed as SARS-CoV-2 positive by real-time RT-PCR. All participants were genotyped for VDR Fok1 polymorphism by RT-PCR. Vitamin D status was defined as sufficient for serum 25(OH) D at least 30 ng/mL, insufficient at 21-29 ng/mL, deficient at <20 ng/mL. RESULTS: Ninety-four patients (52%) had low vitamin D levels with 74 (41%) being deficient and 20 (11%) had vitamin D insufficiency. Vitamin D deficiency was associated with 2.6-fold increased risk for COVID-19 (OR = 2.6; [95% CI 1.96-4.9]; P = 0.002. The FokI FF genotype was significantly more represented in patients compared to control group (OR = 4.05; [95% CI: 1.95-8.55]; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin D deficiency and VDR Fok I polymorphism may constitute independent risk factors for susceptibility to COVID-19 in Egyptian children and adolescents.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS All authors made a significant contribution to the work reported, whether that is in the conception, study design, execution, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation, or in all these areas; took part in drafting, revising or critically reviewing the article; gave final approval of the version to be published; have agreed on the journal to which the article has been submitted; and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work. COMPETING INTERESTS The authors declare no competing interests. ETHICS APPROVAL AND CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE Written informed consents were provided by parents or legal guardians for all participants. The study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to Ahmed A. Emam. Reprints and permission information is available at http://www.nature.com/reprints Publisher's note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
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We also investigated whether vitamin D ' 'receptor (VDR) FokI polymorphism could be a genetic marker for COVID-19 ' 'susceptibility.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec><jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Methods</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>One hundred and eighty patients diagnosed to have COVID‐19 and 200 ' 'matched control children and adolescents were recruited. Patients were laboratory confirmed ' 'as SARS-CoV-2 positive by real-time RT-PCR. All participants were genotyped for VDR Fok1 ' 'polymorphism by RT-PCR. Vitamin D status was defined as sufficient for serum 25(OH) D at ' 'least 30\u2009ng/mL, insufficient at 21–29\u2009ng/mL, deficient at &lt;20\u2009' 'ng/mL.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec><jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Results</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>Ninety-four patients (52%) had low vitamin D levels with 74 (41%) being ' 'deficient and 20 (11%) had vitamin D insufficiency. Vitamin D deficiency was associated with ' '2.6-fold increased risk for COVID-19 (OR\u2009=\u20092.6; [95% CI 1.96–4.9]; ' '<jats:italic>P</jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.002. The FokI FF genotype was significantly more ' 'represented in patients compared to control group (OR\u2009=\u20094.05; [95% CI: 1.95–8.55]; ' '<jats:italic>P</jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001).</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec><jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>Vitamin D deficiency and VDR Fok I polymorphism may constitute ' 'independent risk factors for susceptibility to COVID-19 in Egyptian children and ' 'adolescents.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec><jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Impact</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p><jats:list list-type="bullet">\n' ' <jats:list-item>\n' ' <jats:p>Vitamin D deficiency could be a modifiable risk factor for COVID-19 ' 'in children and adolescents because of its immune-modulatory action.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:list-item>\n' ' <jats:list-item>\n' ' <jats:p>To our knowledge, ours is the first such study to investigate the ' 'VDR <jats:italic>Fok</jats:italic> I polymorphism in Caucasian children and adolescents with ' 'COVID-19.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:list-item>\n' ' <jats:list-item>\n' ' <jats:p>Vitamin D deficiency and the VDR <jats:italic>Fok</jats:italic> I ' 'polymorphism may constitute independent risk factors for susceptibility to COVID-19 in ' 'Egyptian children and adolescents.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:list-item>\n' ' <jats:list-item>\n' ' <jats:p>Clinical trials should be urgently conducted to test for causality ' 'and to evaluate the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation for prophylaxis and treatment of ' 'COVID-19 taking into account the VDR polymorphisms.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:list-item>\n' ' </jats:list></jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec>', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41390-022-02275-6', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': {'date-parts': [[2022, 9, 9]], 'date-time': '2022-09-09T09:23:48Z', 'timestamp': 1662715428000}, 'update-policy': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 0, 'title': 'Vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D receptor FokI polymorphism as risk factors for COVID-19', 'prefix': '10.1038', 'author': [ {'given': 'Nancy M. 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Disord.'}, { 'key': '2275_CR22', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '154', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.virol.2020.10.010', 'volume': '553', 'author': 'B Freire-Paspuel', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Freire-Paspuel, B. et al. Analytical and clinical comparison of Viasure ' '(CerTest Biotec) and 2019-nCoV CDC (IDT) RT-qPCR kits for SARS-CoV2 ' 'diagnosis. Virology 553, 154–156 (2021).', 'journal-title': 'Virology'}, { 'key': '2275_CR23', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '582', 'DOI': '10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-11-1065', 'volume': '21', 'author': 'V Fedirko', 'year': '2012', 'unstructured': 'Fedirko, V. et al. Pre-diagnostic 25-hydroxyvitamin D, VDR and CASR ' 'polymorphisms and survival in patients with colorectal cancer in Western ' 'European Populations. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 21, 582–593 ' '(2012).', 'journal-title': 'Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev.'}, { 'key': '2275_CR24', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': 'e9060', 'DOI': '10.1097/MD.0000000000009060', 'volume': '97', 'author': 'W Li', 'year': '2018', 'unstructured': 'Li, W. et al. Association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D ' 'concentration and pulmonary infection in children. Medicine 97, e9060 ' '(2018).', 'journal-title': 'Medicine'}, { 'key': '2275_CR25', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '981', 'DOI': '10.1002/ppul.21089', 'volume': '44', 'author': 'JD McNally', 'year': '2009', 'unstructured': 'McNally, J. D. et al. Vitamin D deficiency in young children with severe ' 'acute lower respiratory infection. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 44, 981–988 ' '(2009).', 'journal-title': 'Pediatr. Pulmonol.'}, { 'key': '2275_CR26', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1247', 'DOI': '10.1007/s00580-013-1770-0', 'volume': '23', 'author': 'N El Basha', 'year': '2014', 'unstructured': 'El Basha, N., Mohsen, M., Kamal, M. & Mehaney, D. Association of vitamin ' 'D deficiency with severe pneumonia in hospitalized children under 5 ' 'years. Comp. Clin. Pathol. 23, 1247–1252 (2014).', 'journal-title': 'Comp. Clin. Pathol.'}, { 'key': '2275_CR27', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '736665', 'DOI': '10.3389/fpubh.2021.736665', 'volume': '9', 'author': 'I Chiodini', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Chiodini, I. et al. Vitamin D status and SARS-CoV-2 infection and ' 'COVID-19 clinical outcomes. Front Public Health 9, 736665 (2021).', 'journal-title': 'Front Public Health'}, { 'key': '2275_CR28', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '3693', 'DOI': '10.1111/febs.15495', 'volume': '287', 'author': 'E Merzon', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Merzon, E. et al. Low plasma 25(OH) vitamin D level is associated with ' 'increased risk of COVID-19 infection: an Israeli population-based study. ' 'FEBS J. 287, 3693–3702 (2020).', 'journal-title': 'FEBS J.'}, { 'key': '2275_CR29', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '102', 'DOI': '10.1186/s41182-020-00277-w', 'volume': '48', 'author': 'RT Pinzon', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Pinzon, R. T. & Pradana, A. W. Vitamin D deficiency among patients with ' 'COVID-19: case series and recent literature review. Trop. Med. Health ' '48, 102 (2020).', 'journal-title': 'Trop. Med. Health'}, { 'key': '2275_CR30', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '188', 'DOI': '10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2022.2021-10-6', 'volume': '14', 'author': 'G Beyazgül', 'year': '2022', 'unstructured': 'Beyazgül, G. et al. How vitamin D levels of children changed during ' 'COVID-19 pandemic: a comparison of pre-pandemic and pandemic periods. J. ' 'Clin. Res. Pediatr. Endocrinol. 14, 188–195 (2022).', 'journal-title': 'J. Clin. Res. Pediatr. Endocrinol.'}, { 'key': '2275_CR31', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '896', 'DOI': '10.1017/S0007114521001562', 'volume': '127', 'author': 'A Darren', 'year': '2022', 'unstructured': 'Darren, A. et al. Vitamin D status of children with paediatric ' 'inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with severe ' 'acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (PIMS-TS). Br. J. Nutr. 127, ' '896–903 (2022).', 'journal-title': 'Br. J. Nutr.'}, { 'key': '2275_CR32', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '765', 'DOI': '10.1007/s40618-020-01370-x', 'volume': '44', 'author': 'GE Carpagnano', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Carpagnano, G. E. et al. Vitamin D deficiency as a predictor of poor ' 'prognosis in patients with acute respiratory failure due to COVID-19. J. ' 'Endocrinol. Investig. 44, 765–771 (2020).', 'journal-title': 'J. Endocrinol. Investig.'}, { 'key': '2275_CR33', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1892', 'DOI': '10.1002/ppul.24885', 'volume': '55', 'author': 'TH de Souza', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'de Souza, T. H., Nadal, J. A., Nogueira, R. J. N., Pereira, R. M. & ' 'Brandão, M. B. Clinical manifestations of children with COVID-19: a ' 'systematic review. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 55, 1892–1899 (2020).', 'journal-title': 'Pediatr. Pulmonol.'}, { 'key': '2275_CR34', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '2116', 'DOI': '10.1210/me.2013-1146', 'volume': '27', 'author': 'J Kong', 'year': '2013', 'unstructured': 'Kong, J. et al. VDR attenuates acute lung injury by blocking Ang-2-Tie-2 ' 'pathway and renin-angiotensin system. Mol. Endocrinol. 27, 2116–2125 ' '(2013).', 'journal-title': 'Mol. Endocrinol.'}, { 'key': '2275_CR35', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '4240', 'DOI': '10.3390/nu7064240', 'volume': '7', 'author': 'CL Greiller', 'year': '2015', 'unstructured': 'Greiller, C. L. & Martineau, A. R. Modulation of the immune response to ' 'respiratory viruses by vitamin D. Nutrients 7, 4240–4270 (2015).', 'journal-title': 'Nutrients'}, { 'key': '2275_CR36', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '29821', 'DOI': '10.1074/jbc.M705495200', 'volume': '282', 'author': 'W Yuan', 'year': '2007', 'unstructured': 'Yuan, W. et al. 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 suppresses renin gene ' 'transcription by blocking the activity of the cyclic AMP response ' 'element in the renin gene promoter. J. Biol. Chem. 282, 29821–29830 ' '(2007).', 'journal-title': 'J. Biol. Chem.'}, { 'key': '2275_CR37', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1301', 'DOI': '10.2337/diabetes.49.8.1301', 'volume': '49', 'author': 'L Overbergh', 'year': '2000', 'unstructured': 'Overbergh, L. et al. 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 induces an ' 'autoantigen-specific T-helper 1/T-helper 2 immune shift in NOD mice ' 'immunized with GAD65 (p524-543). Diabetes 49, 1301–1307 (2000).', 'journal-title': 'Diabetes'}, { 'key': '2275_CR38', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '3924', 'DOI': '10.1002/ppul.25679', 'volume': '56', 'author': 'HK Shafiek', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Shafiek, H. K. et al. Cytokine profile in Egyptian children and ' 'adolescents with COVID-19 pneumonia: a multicenter study. Pediatr. ' 'Pulmonol. 56, 3924–3933 (2021).', 'journal-title': 'Pediatr. Pulmonol.'}, { 'key': '2275_CR39', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1834', 'DOI': '10.1002/jmv.22179', 'volume': '83', 'author': 'TL Kresfelder', 'year': '2011', 'unstructured': 'Kresfelder, T. L., Janssen, R., Bont, L., Pretorius, M. & Venter, M. ' 'Confirmation of an association between single nucleotide polymorphisms ' 'in the VDR gene with respiratory syncytial virus related disease in ' 'South African children. J. Med. Virol. 83, 1834–1840 (2011).', 'journal-title': 'J. Med. Virol.'}, { 'key': '2275_CR40', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': 'e0149576', 'DOI': '10.1371/journal.pone.0149576', 'volume': '11', 'author': 'WG Han', 'year': '2016', 'unstructured': 'Han, W. G. et al. Association of vitamin D receptor polymorphism with ' 'susceptibility to symptomatic pertussis. PLoS ONE 11, e0149576 (2016).', 'journal-title': 'PLoS ONE'}, { 'key': '2275_CR41', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '621', 'DOI': '10.1007/s00431-014-2433-0', 'volume': '174', 'author': 'W Li', 'year': '2015', 'unstructured': 'Li, W. et al. Polymorphism rs2239185 in vitamin D receptor gene is ' 'associated with severe community-acquired pneumonia of children in ' 'Chinese Han population: a case–control study. Eur. J. Pediatr. 174, ' '621–629 (2015).', 'journal-title': 'Eur. J. Pediatr.'}, { 'key': '2275_CR42', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '639', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41390-018-0149-y', 'volume': '84', 'author': 'H Abouzeid', 'year': '2018', 'unstructured': 'Abouzeid, H. et al. Association of vitamin D receptor gene FokI ' 'polymorphism and susceptibility to CAP in Egyptian children: a ' 'multicenter study. Pediatr. Res. 84, 639–644 (2018).', 'journal-title': 'Pediatr. Res.'}, { 'key': '2275_CR43', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '819', 'DOI': '10.1111/cen.14664', 'volume': '96', 'author': 'T Apaydin', 'year': '2022', 'unstructured': 'Apaydin, T. et al. Effects of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms on ' 'the prognosis of COVID-19. Clin. Endocrinol. 96, 819–830 (2022).', 'journal-title': 'Clin. Endocrinol.'}, { 'key': '2275_CR44', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '105098', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105098', 'volume': '96', 'author': 'R Abdollahzadeh', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Abdollahzadeh, R. et al. Association of Vitamin D receptor gene ' 'polymorphisms and clinical/severe outcomes of COVID-19 patients. Infect. ' 'Genet. Evol. 96, 105098 (2021).', 'journal-title': 'Infect. Genet. Evol.'}, { 'key': '2275_CR45', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '401', 'DOI': '10.1210/mend.14.3.0435', 'volume': '14', 'author': 'PW Jurutka', 'year': '2000', 'unstructured': 'Jurutka, P. W. et al. The polymorphic N terminus in human vitamin D ' 'receptor isoforms influences transcriptional activity by modulating ' 'interaction with transcription factor IIB. Mol. Endocrinol. 14, 401–420 ' '(2000).', 'journal-title': 'Mol. Endocrinol.'}], 'container-title': 'Pediatric Research', 'original-title': [], 'language': 'en', 'link': [ { 'URL': 'https://www.nature.com/articles/s41390-022-02275-6.pdf', 'content-type': 'application/pdf', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'text-mining'}, { 'URL': 'https://www.nature.com/articles/s41390-022-02275-6', 'content-type': 'text/html', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'text-mining'}, { 'URL': 'https://www.nature.com/articles/s41390-022-02275-6.pdf', 'content-type': 'application/pdf', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'similarity-checking'}], 'deposited': { 'date-parts': [[2022, 9, 9]], 'date-time': '2022-09-09T11:24:39Z', 'timestamp': 1662722679000}, 'score': 1, 'resource': {'primary': {'URL': 'https://www.nature.com/articles/s41390-022-02275-6'}}, 'subtitle': [], 'short-title': [], 'issued': {'date-parts': [[2022, 9, 9]]}, 'references-count': 45, 'alternative-id': ['2275'], 'URL': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41390-022-02275-6', 'relation': {}, 'ISSN': ['0031-3998', '1530-0447'], 'subject': ['Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health'], 'container-title-short': 'Pediatr Res', 'published': {'date-parts': [[2022, 9, 9]]}, 'assertion': [ { 'value': '11 June 2022', 'order': 1, 'name': 'received', 'label': 'Received', 'group': {'name': 'ArticleHistory', 'label': 'Article History'}}, { 'value': '22 July 2022', 'order': 2, 'name': 'revised', 'label': 'Revised', 'group': {'name': 'ArticleHistory', 'label': 'Article History'}}, { 'value': '5 August 2022', 'order': 3, 'name': 'accepted', 'label': 'Accepted', 'group': {'name': 'ArticleHistory', 'label': 'Article History'}}, { 'value': '9 September 2022', 'order': 4, 'name': 'first_online', 'label': 'First Online', 'group': {'name': 'ArticleHistory', 'label': 'Article History'}}, { 'value': 'The authors declare no competing interests.', 'order': 1, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Competing interests'}}, { 'value': 'Written informed consents were provided by parents or legal guardians for all ' 'participants. The study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of ' 'Helsinki.', 'order': 2, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': { 'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Ethics approval and consent to participate'}}]}
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