Survival implications vs. complications: unraveling the impact of vitamin D adjunctive use in critically ill patients with COVID-19—A multicenter cohort study

{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2023, 8, 26]], 'date-time': '2023-08-26T08:16:04Z', 'timestamp': 1693037764963}, 'reference-count': 53, 'publisher': 'Frontiers Media SA', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2023, 8, 24]], 'date-time': '2023-08-24T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1692835200000}, 'content-version': 'vor', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/'}], 'content-domain': {'domain': ['frontiersin.org'], 'crossmark-restriction': True}, 'abstract': '<jats:sec><jats:title>Background</jats:title><jats:p>Despite insufficient evidence, vitamin D ' 'has been used as adjunctive therapy in critically ill patients with COVID-19. This study ' 'evaluates the effectiveness and safety of vitamin D as an adjunctive therapy in critically ' 'ill COVID-19 patients.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods</jats:title><jats:p>A ' 'multicenter retrospective cohort study that included all adult COVID-19 patients admitted to ' 'the intensive care units (ICUs) between March 2020 and July 2021. Patients were categorized ' 'into two groups based on their vitamin D use throughout their ICU stay (control vs. vitamin ' 'D). The primary endpoint was in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes were the length of ' 'stay (LOS), mechanical ventilation (MV) duration, and ICU-acquired complications. Propensity ' 'score (PS) matching (1:1) was used based on the predefined criteria. Multivariable logistic, ' 'Cox proportional hazards, and negative binomial regression analyses were employed as ' 'appropriate.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>A total of ' '1,435 patients were included in the study. Vitamin D was initiated in 177 patients (12.3%), ' 'whereas 1,258 patients did not receive it. A total of 288 patients were matched (1:1) using ' 'PS. The in-hospital mortality showed no difference between patients who received vitamin D ' 'and the control group (HR 1.22, 95% CI 0.87–1.71; <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.26). ' 'However, MV duration and ICU LOS were longer in the vitamin D group (beta coefficient 0.24 ' '(95% CI 0.00–0.47), <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.05 and beta coefficient 0.16 (95% CI ' '−0.01 to 0.33), <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.07, respectively). As an exploratory ' 'outcome, patients who received vitamin D were more likely to develop major bleeding than ' 'those who did not [OR 3.48 (95% CI 1.10, 10.94), <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = ' '0.03].</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion</jats:title><jats:p>The use of ' 'vitamin D as adjunctive therapy in COVID-19 critically ill patients was not associated with ' 'survival benefits but was linked with longer MV duration, ICU LOS, and higher odds of major ' 'bleeding.</jats:p></jats:sec>', 'DOI': '10.3389/fmed.2023.1237903', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': {'date-parts': [[2023, 8, 25]], 'date-time': '2023-08-25T03:02:12Z', 'timestamp': 1692932532000}, 'update-policy': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/crossmark-policy', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 0, 'title': 'Survival implications vs. complications: unraveling the impact of vitamin D adjunctive use in ' 'critically ill patients with COVID-19—A multicenter cohort study', 'prefix': '10.3389', 'volume': '10', 'author': [ {'given': 'Khalid', 'family': 'Al Sulaiman', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Ghazwa B.', 'family': 'Korayem', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Ohoud', 'family': 'Aljuhani', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Ali F.', 'family': 'Altebainawi', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Mohammad S.', 'family': 'Shawaqfeh', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Sumaiah J.', 'family': 'Alarfaj', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Reham A.', 'family': 'Alharbi', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Mawaddah M.', 'family': 'Ageeli', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Abdulrahman', 'family': 'Alissa', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Ramesh', 'family': 'Vishwakarma', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Alnada', 'family': 'Ibrahim', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Abeer A.', 'family': 'Alenazi', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Suliman', 'family': 'Alghnam', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Nadiyah', 'family': 'Alshehri', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Maqbulah M.', 'family': 'Alshammari', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Alaa', 'family': 'Alhubaishi', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Mohammed', 'family': 'Aldhaeefi', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Faisal F.', 'family': 'Alamri', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Yadullah', 'family': 'Syed', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Raymond', 'family': 'Khan', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Mai', 'family': 'Alalawi', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Khalaf A.', 'family': 'Alanazi', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Faisal S.', 'family': 'Alresayes', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Khalid J.', 'family': 'Albarqi', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Ghassan', 'family': 'Al Ghamdi', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}], 'member': '1965', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2023, 8, 24]]}, 'reference': [ { 'key': 'B1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '217', 'DOI': '10.1097/JCMA.0000000000000270', 'article-title': 'The outbreak of COVID-19: an overview', 'volume': '83', 'author': 'Wu', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'J Chinese Med Assoc.'}, { 'key': 'B2', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '93', 'DOI': '10.7326/M20-6448', 'volume': '174', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Annal Int Med'}, { 'key': 'B3', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '953', 'DOI': '10.2174/1389557515666150519110830', 'article-title': 'Vitamin-D in the immune system: genomic and non-genomic actions', 'volume': '15', 'author': 'Trochoutsou', 'year': '2015', 'journal-title': 'Mini-Rev Med Chem'}, { 'key': 'B4', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1129', 'DOI': '10.1017/S0950268806007175', 'article-title': 'Epidemic influenza and vitamin D', 'volume': '134', 'author': 'Cannell', 'year': '2006', 'journal-title': 'Epidemiol Infect.'}, { 'key': 'B5', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '276', 'DOI': '10.1186/s13054-018-2185-8', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D deficiency and supplementation in critical illness - 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