All Studies Meta Analysis Recent:

Plasma 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Level and VDR Gene Single Nucleotide Polymorphism rs2228570 Influence on COVID-19 Susceptibility among the Kazakh Ethnic Group—A Pilot Study

Protas et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu15071781

Apr 2023

Post
Facebook

Source PDF All Meta

Vitamin D for COVID-19

8th treatment shown to reduce risk in October 2020

^*, now known with p < 0.00000000001 from 120 studies, recognized in 8 countries.

Lower risk for mortality, ICU admission, hospitalization, progression, recovery, cases, and viral clearance.

No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols combine complementary and synergistic treatments. ^* >10% efficacy in meta analysis with ≥3 clinical studies.

4,100+ studies for 60+ treatments. c19early.org

Retrospective 119 patients in Kazakhstan, showing significantly lower vitamin D levels in COVID-19 patients. There was an association between rs2228570 of the VDR gene and COVID-19. The C allele was associated with reduced likelihood of COVID-19, while the GG genotype increased risk.

This is the 173rd of 196 COVID-19 sufficiency studies for vitamin D, which collectively show higher levels reduce risk with p<0.0000000001 (1 in 11,637 vigintillion).

Important missing comments or errors? Let us know.

risk of case, 76.6% lower, OR 0.23, p = 0.06, high D levels (≥10ng/ml) 68 of 88 (77.3%) cases, 29 of 31 (93.5%) controls, NNT 4.8, case control OR.

risk of case, 46.2% lower, OR 0.54, p = 0.17, high D levels (≥20ng/ml) 50 of 88 (56.8%) cases, 22 of 31 (71.0%) controls, NNT 8.8, case control OR.

Effect extraction follows pre-specified rules prioritizing more serious outcomes. Submit updates

Protas et al., 6 Apr 2023, retrospective, Kazakhstan, peer-reviewed, survey, 6 authors, study period October 2022 - November 2022. Contact: protas_valeriya.ksu@mail.ru (corresponding author), asbiol@list.ru.

This Paper Vitamin D All

Plasma 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Level and VDR Gene Single Nucleotide Polymorphism rs2228570 Influence on COVID-19 Susceptibility among the Kazakh Ethnic Group—A Pilot Study

Valeriya V Protas, Gayane P Pogossyan, Konstantin G Li, Assel G Zhumina, Anar K Bisseneva, Dinara N Shaikina

Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu15071781

Low plasma levels of the vitamin D metabolite 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been associated with the body's susceptibility to infectious diseases, including COVID-19. In this pilot retrospective study, representatives of the Kazakh population (central Kazakhstan) were divided into groups based on the test for IgM and IgG for coronavirus infection. We compared the 25(OH)D plasma levels and concluded that the COVID-19-positive group values (25.17 ng/mL ± 16.65) were statistically lower (p = 0.0114) compared to the COVID-19-negative ones (35.58 ng/mL ± 20.67). There was no association between age, gender and 25(OH)D concentration within the groups (p > 0.05). The genotyping of rs2228570 was performed using a TaqMan Real-Time PCR assay. Allele C predominated among the COVID-19-negative participants and significantly reduced the likelihood of coronavirus infection (p < 0.0001; OR = 0.0804; 95% CI 0.02357-0.2798). There were no statistically significant differences in the frequencies of the A, G and T alleles in the studied groups (p > 0.05). The GG genotype of rs2228570 was associated with a 4.131-fold increased likelihood of COVID-19 infection (p = 0.0288; χ 2 = 5.364; OR = 4.131; 95% CI 1. 223-13.71). Comprehensive studies are required to determine whether low 25(OH)D plasma concentrations and genetic background represent a risk factor for COVID-19 infection.

19, while the GG genotype increased these odds. Further studies on specific groups with a larger sample size and complete data in the Kazakh population are required. Supplementary Materials: The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https: //www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/nu15071781/s1, Table S1 : Characteristics of study participants; Informed Consent Statement: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.

References

Abdollahzadeh, Shushizadeh, Barazandehrokh, Choopani, Azarnezhad et al., Association of Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphisms and Clinical/Severe Outcomes of COVID-19 Patients, Infect. Genet. Evol, doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105098

Alagarasu, Honap, Mulay, Bachal, Shah et al., Association of Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphisms with Clinical Outcomes of Dengue Virus Infection, Hum. Immunol, doi:10.1016/j.humimm.2012.08.007

Ali, Role of Vitamin D in Preventing of COVID-19 Infection, Progression and Severity, J. Infect. Public Health

Alquaiz, Kazi, Fouda, Alyousefi, Age and Gender Differences in the Prevalence and Correlates of Vitamin D Deficiency, Arch. Osteoporos, doi:10.1007/s11657-018-0461-5

Alvarez, Marson, Bertuzzo, Bastos, Baracat et al., Association between Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in TLR4, TLR2, TLR9, VDR, NOS2 and CCL5 Genes with Acute Viral Bronchiolitis, Gene, doi:10.1016/j.gene.2017.12.022

Apaydin, Polat, Dincer Yazan, Ilgin, Elbasan et al., Effects of Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphisms on the Prognosis of COVID-19, Clin. Endocrinol

Bakaloudi, Chourdakis, A Critical Update on the Role of Mild and Serious Vitamin D Deficiency Prevalence and the COVID-19 Epidemic in Europe, Nutrition, doi:10.1016/j.nut.2021.111441

Baturin, Sorokina, Vrzhesinskaya, Beketova, Sokolnikov et al., The study of the association between rs2228570 polymorphism of VDR gene and vitamin D blood serum concentration in the inhabitants of the Russian Arctic, Vopr. Pitan, doi:10.24411/0042-8833-2017-00062

Bergman, Lindh, Björkhem-Bergman, Lindh, Vitamin D and Respiratory Tract Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials, PLoS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065835

Biesalski, Vitamin D Deficiency and Co-Morbidities in COVID-19 Patients-A Fatal Relationship?, NFS J

Bikle, Vitamin, Metabolism, Mechanism of Action, and Clinical Applications, Chem. Biol, doi:10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.12.016

Bradley, Schloss, Brown, Celis, Finnell et al., The Effects of Vitamin D on Acute Viral Respiratory Infections: A Rapid Review, Adv. Integr. Med, doi:10.1016/j.aimed.2020.07.011

Brito, Ribeiro, Da Cunha Daltro, De Barros, Silva, The Possible Benefits of Vitamin D in COVID-19, Nutrition, doi:10.1016/j.nut.2021.111356

Böger, Fachi, Vilhena, Cobre, Tonin et al., Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis of the Accuracy of Diagnostic Tests for COVID-19, Am. J. Infect. Control, doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2020.07.011

Carlberg, Campbell, Vitamin D Receptor Signaling Mechanisms: Integrated Actions of a Well-Defined Transcription Factor, Steroids, doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2012.10.019

Chandran, Chan Maung, Mithal, Parameswaran, Vitamin D in COVID-19: Dousing the Fire or Averting the Storm?-A Perspective from the Asia-Pacific, Osteoporos. Sarcopenia, doi:10.1016/j.afos.2020.07.003

D'avolio, Avataneo, Manca, Cusato, De Nicolò et al., 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations Are Lower in Patients with Positive PCR for SARS-CoV-2, Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu12051359

Das, Bhanushali, Lajpal, Kulkarni, Chavan et al., Frequency of FokI and TaqI Polymorphism of Vitamin D Receptor Gene in Indian Population and Its Association with 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels, Indian J. Hum. Genet

Dastani, Li, Richards, Genetic Regulation of Vitamin D Levels, Calcif. Tissue Int, doi:10.1007/s00223-012-9660-z

Divanoglou, Komninou, Stea, Argiriou, Papatzikas et al., Association of Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphisms with Serum Vitamin D Levels in a Greek Rural Population (Velestino Study), Lifestyle Genom, doi:10.1159/000514338

Gallelli, Mannino, Luciani, De Sire, Mancuso et al., Vitamin D Serum Levels in Subjects Tested for SARS-CoV-2: What Are the Differences among Acute, Healed, and Negative COVID-19 Patients? A Multicenter Real-Practice Study, Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu13113932

Gromova, Doschanova, Lokshin, Tuletova, Grebennikova et al., Vitamin D Deficiency in Kazakhstan: Cross-Sectional Study, J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol, doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105565

Hashemi, Thijssen, Hosseini, Tabarraei, Pourkarim et al., Human Gene Polymorphisms and Their Possible Impact on the Clinical Outcome of SARS-CoV-2 Infection, Arch. Virol, doi:10.1007/s00705-021-05070-6

Hassan, Bhat, Majid, Sajad, Rasool et al., Association of Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphisms and Serum 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D Levels in Vitiligo-A Case-Control Study, Indian Dermatol. Online J, doi:10.4103/idoj.IDOJ_97_18

Hastie, Mackay, Ho, Celis-Morales, Katikireddi et al., Vitamin D Concentrations and COVID-19 Infection in UK Biobank, Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Clin. Res. Rev, doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.050

Hewison, Vitamin D and the Intracrinology of Innate Immunity, Mol. Cell. Endocrinol, doi:10.1016/j.mce.2010.02.013

Israel, Cicurel, Feldhamer, Stern, Dror et al., Deficiency Is Associated with Higher Risks for SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 Severity: A Retrospective Case-Control Study, Intern. Emerg. Med, doi:10.1007/s11739-021-02902-w

Jafarpoor, Jazayeri, Bokharaei-Salim, Ataei-Pirkooh, Ghaziasadi et al., VDR Gene Polymorphisms Are Associated with the Increased Susceptibility to COVID-19 among Iranian Population: A Case-control Study, Int. J. Immunogenet, doi:10.1111/iji.12585

Jayawardena, Jeyakumar, Francis, Misra, Impact of the Vitamin D Deficiency on COVID-19 Infection and Mortality in Asian Countries, Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Clin. Res. Rev, doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006

Jones, The Discovery and Synthesis of the Nutritional Factor Vitamin D, Int. J. Paleopathol, doi:10.1016/j.ijpp.2018.01.002

Kaufman, Niles, Kroll, Bi, Holick, SARS-CoV-2 Positivity Rates Associated with Circulating 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels, PLoS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0239252

Kotur, Skakic, Klaassen, Gasic, Zukic et al., Association of Vitamin D, Zinc and Selenium Related Genetic Variants With COVID-19 Disease Severity, Front. Nutr, doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.689419

Kresfelder, Janssen, Bont, Venter, Confirmation of an Association between Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the VDR Gene with Respiratory Syncytial Virus Related Disease in South African Children, J. Med. Virol

Kumar, Rathi, Haq, Wimalawansa, Sharma, Putative Roles of Vitamin D in Modulating Immune Response and Immunopathology Associated with COVID-19, Virus Res, doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198235

Lagunova, Porojnicu, Lindberg, Hexeberg, Moan, The Dependency of Vitamin D Status on Body Mass Index, Gender, Age and Season, Obes. Metab, doi:10.14341/2071-8713-4886

Laplana, Royo, Fibla, Vitamin D Receptor Polymorphisms and Risk of Enveloped Virus Infection: A Meta-Analysis, Gene, doi:10.1016/j.gene.2018.08.017

Li, Huang, Wang, Wang, Liang et al., COVID-19 Patients' Clinical Characteristics, Discharge Rate, and Fatality Rate of Meta-analysis, J. Med. Virol, doi:10.1002/jmv.25757

Li, Shi, Yang, Li, Liu et al., The Association of Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphisms and Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels with Generalized Vitiligo: Association of VDR Polymorphisms and Vitiligo Risk, Br. J. Dermatol, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.11132.x

Liu, Kuo, Shih, COVID-19: The First Documented Coronavirus Pandemic in History, Biomed. J, doi:10.1016/j.bj.2020.04.007

Luo, Liu, Li, Zheng, Ai et al., Dynamic Changes and Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 IgG/IgM Antibodies: Analysis of Multiple Factors, Int. J. Infect. Dis, doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2021.04.078

Marik, Kory, Varon, Does Vitamin D Status Impact Mortality from SARS-CoV-2 Infection?, Med. Drug Discov, doi:10.1016/j.medidd.2020.100041

Merzon, Tworowski, Gorohovski, Vinker, Golan Cohen et al., Low Plasma 25(OH) Vitamin D Level Is Associated with Increased Risk of COVID-19 Infection: An Israeli Population-based Study, FEBS J, doi:10.1111/febs.15495

Mohammad, Alourfi, Haddad, Relationship between Vitamin D Receptor Gene FokI Polymorphism and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels in Apparently Healthy Syrians, Meta Gene, doi:10.1016/j.mgene.2021.100945

Mukherjee, Gorohovski, Merzon, Levy, Mukherjee et al., Seasonal UV Exposure and Vitamin D: Association with the Dynamics of COVID-19 Transmission in Europe, FEBS Open Biol, doi:10.1002/2211-5463.13309

Muscogiuri, Barrea, Somma, Laudisio, Salzano et al., Sex Differences of Vitamin D Status across BMI Classes: An Observational Prospective Cohort Study, Nutrients

Nabih, Kamel, Association between Vitamin D Receptor Gene FokI Polymorphism and Atopic Childhood Bronchial Asthma. Egypt, J. Chest Dis. Tuberc, doi:10.1016/j.ejcdt.2014.02.012

Nimavat, Singh, Singh, Singh, Sinha, Vitamin D Deficiency and COVID-19: A Case-Control Study at a Tertiary Care Hospital in India, Ann. Med. Surg, doi:10.1016/j.amsu.2021.102661

Orces, The Association between Body Mass Index and Vitamin D Supplement Use among Adults in the United States, Cureus, doi:10.7759/cureus.5721

Padhi, Suvankar, Panda, Pati, Panda, Lower Levels of Vitamin D Are Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Mortality in the Indian Population: An Observational Study, Int. Immunopharmacol, doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107001

Pike, Meyer, The Vitamin D Receptor: New Paradigms for the Regulation of Gene Expression by 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3, Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. N. Am, doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2010.02.007

Sethuraman, Jeremiah, Ryo, Interpreting Diagnostic Tests for SARS-CoV-2, JAMA, doi:10.1001/jama.2020.8259

Silva-Ramírez, Saenz-Saenz, Bracho-Vela, Peñuelas-Urquides, Mata-Tijerina et al., Association between Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphisms and Pulmonary Tuberculosis in a Mexican Population, Indian J. Tuberc, doi:10.1016/j.ijtb.2018.04.005

Singh, Kaur, Singh, Revisiting the Role of Vitamin D Levels in the Prevention of COVID-19 Infection and Mortality in European Countries Post Infections Peak, Aging Clin. Exp. Res, doi:10.1007/s40520-020-01619-8

Soltani-Zangbar, Mahmoodpoor, Dolati, Shamekh, Valizadeh et al., Serum Levels of Vitamin D and Immune System Function in Patients with COVID-19 Admitted to Intensive Care Unit, Gene Rep, doi:10.1016/j.genrep.2022.101509

Song, Kim, Lee, Ham, Oh et al., Dynamics of Viral Load and Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Patients with Positive RT-PCR Results after Recovery from COVID-19, Korean J. Intern. Med, doi:10.3904/kjim.2020.325

Sooriyaarachchi, Jeyakumar, King, Jayawardena, Impact of Vitamin D Deficiency on COVID-19, Clin. Nutr. ESPEN, doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.05.011

Teymoori-Rad, Marashi, Vitamin D and Covid-19: From Potential Therapeutic Effects to Unanswered Questions, Rev. Med. Virol, doi:10.1002/rmv.2159

To, Tsang, Leung, Tam, Wu et al., Temporal Profiles of Viral Load in Posterior Oropharyngeal Saliva Samples and Serum Antibody Responses during Infection by SARS-CoV-2: An Observational Cohort Study, Lancet Infect. Dis, doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30196-1

Tuoresmäki, Väisänen, Neme, Heikkinen, Carlberg, Patterns of Genome-Wide VDR Locations, PLoS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096105

Uitterlinden, Fang, Van Meurs, Pols, Van Leeuwen, Genetics and Biology of Vitamin D Receptor Polymorphisms, Gene, doi:10.1016/j.gene.2004.05.014

Urashima, Segawa, Okazaki, Kurihara, Wada et al., Randomized Trial of Vitamin D Supplementation to Prevent Seasonal Influenza A in Schoolchildren, Am. J. Clin. Nutr, doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.29094

Vallejo, Blümel, Arteaga, Aedo, Tapia et al., Gender Differences in the Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency in a Southern Latin American Country: A Pilot Study, Climacteric

Wacker, Holick, Vitamin D-Effects on Skeletal and Extraskeletal Health and the Need for Supplementation, Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu5010111

Wang, Li, A Meta-Analysis on Associations between Vitamin D Receptor Genetic Variants and Tuberculosis, Microb. Pathog, doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2019.02.027

Warwick, Schulz, Günther, Gilsbach, Neme et al., A Hierarchical Regulatory Network Analysis of the Vitamin D Induced Transcriptome Reveals Novel Regulators and Complete VDR Dependency in Monocytes, Sci. Rep, doi:10.1038/s41598-021-86032-5

Wierzbicka, Oczkowicz, Sex Differences in Vitamin D Metabolism, Serum Levels and Action, Br. J. Nutr, doi:10.1017/S0007114522000149

Zhou, Bu, Sun, Ren, Qu et al., Evaluation of Serum IgM and IgG Antibodies in COVID-19 Patients by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay, J. Med. Virol, doi:10.1002/jmv.26741

Zhumina, Li, Konovalova, Li, Ishmuratova et al., Plasma 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels and VDR Gene Expression in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Leukemia Patients and Healthy Subjects in Central Kazakhstan, Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu12051229

Download Image

Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. c19early involves the extraction of 100,000+ datapoints from thousands of papers. Community updates help ensure high accuracy. Treatments and other interventions are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. FLCCC and WCH provide treatment protocols.

Submit

Post

@CovidAnalysis

FAQ

Public domain CC0 1.0