Impact of the vitamin D deficiency on COVID-19 infection and mortality in Asian countries
Ranil Jayawardena, Dhanushya T Jeyakumar, Tormalli V Francis, Anoop Misra
Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006
Background and aims: COVID-19 is a pandemic that has affected beyond 100 million and caused nearly 3 million deaths globally. Vitamin D is a known risk factor for COVID-19. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the association of prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and mean vitamin D level with COVID-19 infection and mortality in Asia, predicting with other confounding factors such as median age, obesity, and diabetes. Methods: COVID-19 infections and mortalities among the Asian countries were retrieved from the Worldometer website. Information on prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and mean vitamin D values in each Asian country was retrieved through literature searching on PubMed® and Google scholar. The associations between COVID-19 infections and mortalities with prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and mean vitamin D level were explored with correlation coefficients. As a predictive analysis, multiple linear regression was carried out with all confounders. Results: Positive correlations were observed for prevalence of vitamin D deficiency with COVID-19 infections (r ¼ 0.55; p ¼ 0.01; R 2 ¼ 0.31) and mortalities (r ¼ 0.50; p ¼ 0.01; R 2 ¼ 0.25). Moreover, the associations for the COVID-19 infections and mortalities improved to r ¼ 0.76 (p ¼ 0.002; R 2 ¼ 0.58) and r ¼ 0.65 (p ¼ 0.03; R 2 ¼ 0.42), respectively, after predicting with confounding factors. Similarly, mean vitamin D level had a significant negative correlation with COVID-19 infections (r ¼ À0.77; p ¼ 0.04; R 2 ¼ 0.59) and mortalities (r ¼ À0.80; p ¼ 0.03; R 2 ¼ 0.63) when combining with confounders. Conclusion: Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency is significantly positively associated whereas the mean vitamin D level is significantly negatively associated with both infection and mortality rate of COVID-19 among Asian countries upon predicting with all confounders.
Authors' contributions RJ conceived and designed the study. DTJ, TVF and RJ collected data. DTJ analysed the data. DTJ, TVF, and RJ drafted the manuscript. AM revised the paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate Not relevant for this study.
Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
References
Abiaka, Delghandi, Kaur, Saleh, Vitamin D status and anthropometric indices of an Omani study population, Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J
Acherjya, Ali, Tarafder, Akhter, Chowdhury et al., Study of vitamin D deficiency among the apparently healthy population in Jashore, Bangladesh, Mymensingh Med J
Al-Hilali, Prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in adult Iraqi people including postmenopausal women, Sci Res J
Ali, Role of vitamin D in preventing of COVID-19 infection, progression and severity, J Infect Public Health
Almesri, Das, Ali, Gumaa, Giha, Gender-dependent association of vitamin D deficiency with obesity and hypercholesterolemia (LDLC) in adults, Endocr Metab Immune Disord -Drug Targets
Altowijri, Alloubani, Abdulhafiz, Saleh, Impact of nutritional and environmental factors on vitamin D deficiency, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev APJCP
Asakura, Etoh, Imamura, Michikawa, Nakamura et al., Vitamin D status in Japanese adults: relationship of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D with simultaneously measured dietary vitamin D intake and ultraviolet ray exposure, Nutrients
Babu, Khetrapal, John, Deepa, Narayan, Pandemic preparedness and response to COVID-19 in South Asian countries, Int J Infect Dis
Bi, Tey, Leong, Quek, Henry, Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Singapore: its implications to cardiovascular risk factors, PloS One
Bromage, Rich-Edwards, Tselmen, Baylin, Houghton et al., Seasonal epidemiology of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations among healthy adults living in rural and urban areas in Mongolia, Nutrients
Chang, Lee, Vitamin D and health-The missing vitamin in humans, Pediatr Neonatol
Chaudhry, Dranitsaris, Mubashir, Bartoszko, Riazi, A country level analysis measuring the impact of government actions, country preparedness and socioeconomic factors on COVID-19 mortality and related health outcomes, EClinicalMedicine
Erener, Diabetes, infection risk and COVID-19, Mol Metab
Esmaeili, Mohammadian, Radbakhsh, Momtazi-Borojeni, Parizi et al., Evaluation of vitamin D3 deficiency: a population-based study in northeastern Iran, J Cell Biochem
Fu, Wang, Yuan, Chen, Ao et al., Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis, J Infect
Gangloff, Bergeron, Lemieux, Despr, Changes in circulating vitamin D levels with loss of adipose tissue, Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care
Grant, Lahore, Mcdonnell, Baggerly, French et al., Evidence that vitamin D supplementation could reduce risk of influenza and COVID-19 infections and deaths, Nutrients
Gromova, Doschanova, Lokshin, Tuletova, Grebennikova et al., Vitamin D deficiency in Kazakhstan: cross-sectional study, J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol
G€ Oktas, Ersoy, Ercan, Can, Vitamin D status in the adult population of Bursa-Turkey, Eur J Gen Pract
Ho-Pham, Nguyen, Lai, Eisman, Nguyen, Vitamin D status and parathyroid hormone in a urban population in Vietnam, Osteoporos Int
Jayawardena, Jeyakumar, Francis, Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome, Clinical Research & Reviews
Jayawardena, Jeyakumar, Misra, Hills, Ranasinghe, Obesity: a potential risk factor for infection and mortality in the current COVID-19 epidemic. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome, Clin Res Rev
Jayawardena, Sooriyaarachchi, Chourdakis, Jeewandara, Ranasinghe, Enhancing immunity in viral infections, with special emphasis on COVID-19: a review. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome, Clin Res Rev
Jiang, Wu, Xiao, Ding, Chen, An epidemiology survey of vitamin D deficiency and its influencing factors, Med Clin
Jones, The discovery and synthesis of the nutritional factor vitamin D, Int J Paleopathol
Kandhro, Dahot, Naqvi, Ujjan, Study of Vitamin D deficiency and contributing factors in the population of Hyderabad, Pakistan, Pak J Pharm Sci
Kaswa, Govender, Novel coronavirus pandemic: a clinical overview, S Afr Fam Pract
Khasawneh, Hiari, Khalaileh, Khasawneh, Alzghoul et al., Frequency of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency in a Jordanian cohort: a hospital based study, Journal of the Royal Medical Services
Leong, Yakob, Fung, Pande, High prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency in a mixed sample of patients in Brunei Darussalam, Brunei Int Med J
Lim, Liang, Assantachai, Auyeung, Kang et al., COVID-19 and older people in Asia: Asian working group for sarcopenia calls to action, Geriatr Gerontol Int
Liu, Kuo, Shih, COVID-19: the first documented coronavirus pandemic in history, Biomed J
Luo, Liao, Shen, Li, Cheng, Vitamin D deficiency is inversely associated with covid-19 incidence and disease severity in Chinese people, J Nutr
Ma, Zhou, Xu, Ma, Wang, Associations of physical activity and screen time with suboptimal health status and sleep quality among Chinese college freshmen: a cross-sectional study, PloS One
Mallapaty, Vaccines are curbing COVID: data from Israel show drop in infections, Nature
Mantovani, Byrne, Zheng, Targher, Diabetes as a risk factor for greater COVID-19 severity and in-hospital death: a meta-analysis of observational studies, Nutr Metabol Cardiovasc Dis
Martineau, Jolliffe, Hooper, Greenberg, Aloia et al., Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data, BMJ
Mathur, Garza, Smith, Endometrial autoantigens eliciting immunoglobulin (Ig) G, IgA, and IgM responses in endometriosis, Fertil Steril
Mechenro, Venugopal, Kumar, Balakrishnan, Ramakrishna, Vitamin D status in Kancheepuram District, Tamil Nadu, India, BMC Publ Health
Mercola, Grant, Wagner, Evidence regarding vitamin D and risk of COVID-19 and its severity, Nutrients
Ofuji, Ota, Fever, arthralgia, various neurologic symptoms and uremia: systemic lupus erythematosus, Nihon Rinsho
Padhi, Suvankar, Panda, Pati, Panda, Lower levels of vitamin D are associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and mortality in the Indian population: an observational study, Int Immunopharm
Perrotta, Corbi, Mazzeo, Boccia, Aronne et al., COVID-19 and the elderly: insights into pathogenesis and clinical decision-making, Aging Clin Exp Res
Petrosillo, Viceconte, Ergonul, Ippolito, Petersen, COVID-19, SARS and MERS: are they closely related?, Clin Microbiol Infect
Rajatanavin, Kanokrungsee, Aekplakorn, Vitamin D status in Thai dermatologists and working-age Thai population, J Dermatol
Roth, Abrams, Aloia, Bergeron, Bourassa et al., Global prevalence and disease burden of vitamin D deficiency: a roadmap for action in low-and middle-income countries, Ann N Y Acad Sci
Saad, Akiki, Rahme, Ajjour, Assaad et al., Time trends and predictors of hypovitaminosis D across the life course: 2009e2016, Metabolism
Semba, The discovery of the vitamins, Int J Vitam Nutr Res
Shafinaz, Moy, Vitamin D level and its association with adiposity among multi-ethnic adults in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: a cross sectional study, BMC Publ Health
Sherchand, Sapkota, Chaudhari, Khan, Baranwal et al., Association between vitamin D deficiency and depression in Nepalese population, Psychiatr Res
Sze, Pan, Nevill, Gray, Martin et al., Ethnicity and clinical outcomes in COVID-19: a systematic Review and Meta-analysis, EClinicalMedicine
Townsend, Kyle, Stanford, Outcomes of COVID-19: disparities in obesity and by ethnicity/race, Int J Obes
Varkey, Joy, Sarmah, Panda, Socioeconomic determinants of COVID-19 in Asian countries: an empirical analysis, J Publ Aff
Weir, Thenappan, Bhargava, Chen, Does vitamin D deficiency increase the severity of COVID-19?, Clin Med
Weston, Frieman, COVID-19: knowns, unknowns, and questions, mSphere
Worldometer, COVID-19 Coronovirus Pandemic
Worldometer, COVID-19 Coronovirus Pandemic
Worldometer, World population
Yadav, Birdi, Tomo, Charan, Bhardwaj et al., Association of vitamin D status with COVID-19 infection and mortality in the Asia Pacific region: a cross-sectional study, Indian J Clin Biochem
Yang, Zheng, Gou, Pu, Chen et al., Prevalence of comorbidities and its effects in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Int J Infect Dis
Yoon, Lee, Kim, Cho, Choi et al., Epidemic obesity and type 2 diabetes in Asia, Lancet
Zainel, Qotba, Nuaimi, Syed, Vitamin D status among adults (18e65 years old) attending primary healthcare centres in Qatar: a crosssectional analysis of the Electronic Medical Records for the year 2017, BMJ open
Zarooni, Marzouqi, Darmaki, Prinsloo, Nagelkerke, Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and associated comorbidities among Abu Dhabi Emirates population, BMC Res Notes
Zhang, Hooti, Zenki, Alomirah, Jamil et al., Vitamin D deficiency is associated with high prevalence of diabetes in Kuwaiti adults: results from a national survey, BMC Publ Health
{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2024, 5, 1]], 'date-time': '2024-05-01T08:03:58Z', 'timestamp': 1714550638022},
'reference-count': 64,
'publisher': 'Elsevier BV',
'issue': '3',
'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2021, 5, 1]],
'date-time': '2021-05-01T00:00:00Z',
'timestamp': 1619827200000},
'content-version': 'tdm',
'delay-in-days': 0,
'URL': 'https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/'}],
'content-domain': { 'domain': [ 'clinicalkey.jp', 'clinicalkey.com', 'clinicalkey.es', 'clinicalkey.fr',
'clinicalkey.com.au', 'elsevier.com', 'sciencedirect.com'],
'crossmark-restriction': True},
'published-print': {'date-parts': [[2021, 5]]},
'DOI': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006',
'type': 'journal-article',
'created': {'date-parts': [[2021, 3, 14]], 'date-time': '2021-03-14T06:12:44Z', 'timestamp': 1615702364000},
'page': '757-764',
'update-policy': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/elsevier_cm_policy',
'source': 'Crossref',
'is-referenced-by-count': 26,
'title': 'Impact of the vitamin D deficiency on COVID-19 infection and mortality in Asian countries',
'prefix': '10.1016',
'volume': '15',
'author': [ { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7352-9365',
'authenticated-orcid': False,
'given': 'Ranil',
'family': 'Jayawardena',
'sequence': 'first',
'affiliation': []},
{ 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3849-1795',
'authenticated-orcid': False,
'given': 'Dhanushya T.',
'family': 'Jeyakumar',
'sequence': 'additional',
'affiliation': []},
{ 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2060-4974',
'authenticated-orcid': False,
'given': 'Tormalli V.',
'family': 'Francis',
'sequence': 'additional',
'affiliation': []},
{ 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5785-5833',
'authenticated-orcid': False,
'given': 'Anoop',
'family': 'Misra',
'sequence': 'additional',
'affiliation': []}],
'member': '78',
'reference': [ {'key': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006_bib1', 'author': 'Worldometer'},
{ 'issue': '2',
'key': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006_bib2',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': 'e00203',
'DOI': '10.1128/mSphere.00203-20',
'article-title': 'COVID-19: knowns, unknowns, and questions',
'volume': '5',
'author': 'Weston',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'mSphere'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006_bib3',
'first-page': '656',
'article-title': 'Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in '
'China: a systematic review and meta-analysis',
'volume': '80',
'author': 'Fu',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'J\xa0Infect'},
{ 'issue': '1',
'key': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006_bib4',
'first-page': 'e1',
'article-title': 'Novel coronavirus pandemic: a clinical overview',
'volume': '62',
'author': 'Kaswa',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'S\xa0Afr Fam Pract'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006_bib5',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '91',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.017',
'article-title': 'Prevalence of comorbidities and its effects in patients infected with '
'SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review and meta-analysis',
'volume': '94',
'author': 'Yang',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Int J Infect Dis'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006_bib6',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '101044',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101044',
'article-title': 'Diabetes, infection risk and COVID-19',
'volume': '39',
'author': 'Erener',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Mol Metab'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006_bib7',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '2199',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.dsx.2020.11.001',
'article-title': 'Obesity: a potential risk factor for infection and mortality in the '
'current COVID-19 epidemic',
'volume': '14',
'author': 'Jayawardena',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clin Res Rev'},
{'key': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006_bib8', 'author': 'Worldometer'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006_bib9',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'DOI': '10.1002/pa.2532',
'article-title': 'Socioeconomic determinants of COVID-19 in Asian countries: an empirical '
'analysis',
'author': 'Varkey',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'J\xa0Publ Aff'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006_bib10',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '328',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.bj.2020.04.007',
'article-title': 'COVID-19: the first documented coronavirus pandemic in history',
'volume': '43',
'author': 'Liu',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Biomed J'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006_bib11',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '729',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.cmi.2020.03.026',
'article-title': 'COVID-19, SARS and MERS: are they closely related?',
'volume': '26',
'author': 'Petrosillo',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Clin Microbiol Infect'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006_bib12',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '1807',
'DOI': '10.1038/s41366-020-0635-2',
'article-title': 'Outcomes of COVID-19: disparities in obesity and by ethnicity/race',
'volume': '44',
'author': 'Townsend',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Int J Obes'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006_bib13',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '100630',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100630',
'article-title': 'Ethnicity and clinical outcomes in COVID-19: a systematic Review and '
'Meta-analysis',
'volume': '29',
'author': 'Sze',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'EClinicalMedicine'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006_bib14',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '1681',
'DOI': '10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69703-1',
'article-title': 'Epidemic obesity and type 2 diabetes in Asia',
'volume': '368',
'author': 'Yoon',
'year': '2006',
'journal-title': 'Lancet'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006_bib15',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '169',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.ijid.2020.12.048',
'article-title': 'Pandemic preparedness and response to COVID-19 in South Asian countries',
'volume': '104',
'author': 'Babu',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Int J Infect Dis'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006_bib16',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '547',
'DOI': '10.1111/ggi.13939',
'article-title': 'COVID-19 and older people in Asia: Asian working group for sarcopenia '
'calls to action',
'volume': '20',
'author': 'Lim',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Geriatr Gerontol Int'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006_bib17',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'DOI': '10.1371/journal.pone.0239429',
'article-title': 'Associations of physical activity and screen time with suboptimal '
'health status and sleep quality among Chinese college freshmen: a '
'cross-sectional study',
'volume': '15',
'author': 'Ma',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'PloS One'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006_bib18',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '367',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.015',
'article-title': 'Enhancing immunity in viral infections, with special emphasis on '
'COVID-19: a review',
'volume': '14',
'author': 'Jayawardena',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clin Res Rev'},
{ 'issue': '10',
'key': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006_bib19',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '1373',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.jiph.2020.06.021',
'article-title': 'Role of vitamin D in preventing of COVID-19 infection, progression and '
'severity',
'volume': '13',
'author': 'Ali',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'J\xa0Infect Public Health'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006_bib20',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': 'i6583',
'DOI': '10.1136/bmj.i6583',
'article-title': 'Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract '
'infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual '
'participant data',
'volume': '356',
'author': 'Martineau',
'year': '2017',
'journal-title': 'BMJ'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006_bib21',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '988',
'DOI': '10.3390/nu12040988',
'article-title': 'Evidence that vitamin D supplementation could reduce risk of influenza '
'and COVID-19 infections and deaths',
'volume': '12',
'author': 'Grant',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Nutrients'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006_bib22',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '3361',
'DOI': '10.3390/nu12113361',
'article-title': 'Evidence regarding vitamin D and risk of COVID-19 and its severity',
'volume': '12',
'author': 'Mercola',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Nutrients'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006_bib23',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': 'e107',
'DOI': '10.7861/clinmed.2020-0301',
'article-title': 'Does vitamin D deficiency increase the severity of COVID-19?',
'volume': '20',
'author': 'Weir',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Clin Med'},
{'key': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006_bib24', 'author': 'Worldometer'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006_bib26',
'unstructured': 'The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Available online: '
'https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/(accessed on 08 Jan '
'2021).'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006_bib27',
'unstructured': 'ISO 3166 Country Codes, The International Standard for country codes and '
'codes for their subdivisions, International Organization for '
'Standardization. Available online: https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#search '
'(accessed on 08 Jan 2021).'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006_bib28',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '425',
'DOI': '10.2174/1871530319666191009154528',
'article-title': 'Gender-dependent association of vitamin D deficiency with obesity and '
'hypercholesterolemia (LDLC) in adults',
'volume': '20',
'author': 'Almesri',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Endocr Metab Immune Disord - Drug Targets'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006_bib29',
'first-page': '214',
'article-title': 'Study of vitamin D deficiency among the apparently healthy population '
'in Jashore, Bangladesh',
'volume': '28',
'author': 'Acherjya',
'year': '2019',
'journal-title': 'Mymensingh Med J'},
{ 'issue': '4',
'key': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006_bib30',
'first-page': '134',
'article-title': 'High prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency in a mixed '
'sample of patients in Brunei Darussalam',
'volume': '12',
'author': 'Leong',
'year': '2016',
'journal-title': 'Brunei Int Med J'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006_bib31',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '7',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.medcli.2019.03.019',
'article-title': 'An epidemiology survey of vitamin D deficiency and its influencing '
'factors',
'volume': '154',
'author': 'Jiang',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Med Clin'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006_bib32',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '1345',
'DOI': '10.1186/s12889-018-6244-5',
'article-title': 'Vitamin D status in Kancheepuram District, Tamil Nadu, India',
'volume': '18',
'author': 'Mechenro',
'year': '2018',
'journal-title': 'BMC Publ Health'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006_bib33',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '10337',
'DOI': '10.1002/jcb.28317',
'article-title': 'Evaluation of vitamin D3 deficiency: a population-based study in '
'northeastern Iran',
'volume': '120',
'author': 'Esmaeili',
'year': '2019',
'journal-title': 'J\xa0Cell Biochem'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006_bib34',
'first-page': '53',
'article-title': 'Prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in adult Iraqi people including '
'postmenopausal women',
'volume': '4',
'author': 'Al-Hilali',
'year': '2016',
'journal-title': 'Sci Res J'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006_bib35',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '743',
'DOI': '10.3390/nu12030743',
'article-title': 'Vitamin D status in Japanese adults: relationship of serum '
'25-hydroxyvitamin D with simultaneously measured dietary vitamin D '
'intake and ultraviolet ray exposure',
'volume': '12',
'author': 'Asakura',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Nutrients'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006_bib36',
'first-page': '1',
'article-title': 'Frequency of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency in a Jordanian '
'cohort: a hospital based study',
'volume': '102',
'author': 'Khasawneh',
'year': '2018',
'journal-title': 'Journal of the Royal Medical Services'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006_bib37',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '105565',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105565',
'article-title': 'Vitamin D deficiency in Kazakhstan: cross-sectional study',
'volume': '199',
'author': 'Gromova',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'J\xa0Steroid Biochem Mol Biol'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006_bib38',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '100',
'DOI': '10.1186/s12889-016-2758-x',
'article-title': 'Vitamin D deficiency is associated with high prevalence of diabetes in '
'Kuwaiti adults: results from a national survey',
'volume': '16',
'author': 'Zhang',
'year': '2016',
'journal-title': 'BMC Publ Health'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006_bib39',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '154138',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154138',
'article-title': 'Time trends and predictors of hypovitaminosis D across the life course: '
'2009–2016',
'volume': '105',
'author': 'Saad',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Metabolism'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006_bib40',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '232',
'DOI': '10.1186/s12889-016-2924-1',
'article-title': 'Vitamin D level and its association with adiposity among multi-ethnic '
'adults in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: a cross sectional study',
'volume': '16',
'author': 'Shafinaz',
'year': '2016',
'journal-title': 'BMC Publ Health'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006_bib41',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '592',
'DOI': '10.3390/nu8100592',
'article-title': 'Seasonal epidemiology of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations among '
'healthy adults living in rural and urban areas in Mongolia',
'volume': '8',
'author': 'Bromage',
'year': '2016',
'journal-title': 'Nutrients'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006_bib42',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '266',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.psychres.2018.06.018',
'article-title': 'Association between vitamin D deficiency and depression in Nepalese '
'population',
'volume': '267',
'author': 'Sherchand',
'year': '2018',
'journal-title': 'Psychiatr Res'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006_bib43',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '224',
'DOI': '10.12816/0003227',
'article-title': 'Vitamin D status and anthropometric indices of an Omani study '
'population',
'volume': '13',
'author': 'Abiaka',
'year': '2013',
'journal-title': 'Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J'},
{ 'issue': '3',
'key': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006_bib44',
'first-page': '1063',
'article-title': 'Study of Vitamin D deficiency and contributing factors in the '
'population of Hyderabad, Pakistan',
'volume': '32',
'author': 'Kandhro',
'year': '2019',
'journal-title': 'Pak J Pharm Sci'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006_bib45',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'DOI': '10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029334',
'article-title': 'Vitamin D status among adults (18–65 years old) attending primary '
'healthcare centres in Qatar: a cross-sectional analysis of the '
'Electronic Medical Records for the year 2017',
'volume': '9',
'author': 'Zainel',
'year': '2019',
'journal-title': 'BMJ open'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006_bib46',
'first-page': '2569',
'article-title': 'Impact of nutritional and environmental factors on vitamin D deficiency',
'volume': '19',
'author': 'Altowijri',
'year': '2018',
'journal-title': 'Asian Pac J Cancer Prev APJCP'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006_bib47',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'DOI': '10.1371/journal.pone.0147616',
'article-title': 'Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Singapore: its implications to '
'cardiovascular risk factors',
'volume': '11',
'author': 'Bi',
'year': '2016',
'journal-title': 'PloS One'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006_bib48',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '206',
'DOI': '10.1111/1346-8138.14742',
'article-title': 'Vitamin D status in Thai dermatologists and working-age Thai population',
'volume': '46',
'author': 'Rajatanavin',
'year': '2019',
'journal-title': 'J\xa0Dermatol'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006_bib49',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '156',
'DOI': '10.1080/13814788.2020.1846712',
'article-title': 'Vitamin D status in the adult population of Bursa-Turkey',
'volume': '26',
'author': 'Göktaş',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Eur J Gen Pract'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006_bib50',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '1',
'DOI': '10.1186/s13104-019-4536-1',
'article-title': 'Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and associated comorbidities among '
'Abu Dhabi Emirates population',
'volume': '12',
'author': 'Al Zarooni',
'year': '2019',
'journal-title': 'BMC Res Notes'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006_bib51',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '241',
'DOI': '10.1007/s00198-010-1207-4',
'article-title': 'Vitamin D status and parathyroid hormone in a urban population in '
'Vietnam',
'volume': '22',
'author': 'Ho-Pham',
'year': '2011',
'journal-title': 'Osteoporos Int'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006_bib52',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '310',
'DOI': '10.1024/0300-9831/a000124',
'article-title': 'The discovery of the vitamins',
'volume': '82',
'author': 'Semba',
'year': '2012',
'journal-title': 'Int J Vitam Nutr Res'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006_bib53',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '96',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.ijpp.2018.01.002',
'article-title': 'The discovery and synthesis of the nutritional factor vitamin D',
'volume': '23',
'author': 'Jones',
'year': '2018',
'journal-title': 'Int J Paleopathol'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006_bib54',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '237',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.pedneo.2019.04.007',
'article-title': 'Vitamin D and health-The missing vitamin in humans',
'volume': '60',
'author': 'Chang',
'year': '2019',
'journal-title': 'Pediatr Neonatol'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006_bib55',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '44',
'DOI': '10.1111/nyas.13968',
'article-title': 'Global prevalence and disease burden of vitamin D deficiency: a roadmap '
'for action in low-and middle-income countries',
'volume': '1430',
'author': 'Roth',
'year': '2018',
'journal-title': 'Ann N Y Acad Sci'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006_bib56',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '56',
'DOI': '10.1016/S0015-0282(16)53637-1',
'article-title': 'Endometrial autoantigens eliciting immunoglobulin (Ig) G, IgA, and IgM '
'responses in endometriosis',
'volume': '54',
'author': 'Mathur',
'year': '1990',
'journal-title': 'Fertil Steril'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006_bib57',
'first-page': '98',
'article-title': 'Vitamin D deficiency is inversely associated with covid-19 incidence '
'and disease severity in Chinese people',
'volume': '151',
'author': 'Luo',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'J\xa0Nutr'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006_bib58',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '1236',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.numecd.2020.05.014',
'article-title': 'Diabetes as a risk factor for greater COVID-19 severity and in-hospital '
'death: a meta-analysis of observational studies',
'volume': '30',
'author': 'Mantovani',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Nutr Metabol Cardiovasc Dis'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006_bib59',
'first-page': '1',
'article-title': 'COVID-19 and the elderly: insights into pathogenesis and clinical '
'decision-making',
'author': 'Perrotta',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Aging Clin Exp Res'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006_bib60',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '100464',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100464',
'article-title': 'A\xa0country level analysis measuring the impact of government actions, '
'country preparedness and socioeconomic factors on COVID-19 mortality '
'and related health outcomes',
'volume': '25',
'author': 'Chaudhry',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'EClinicalMedicine'},
{ 'issue': '7845',
'key': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006_bib61',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '197',
'DOI': '10.1038/d41586-021-00316-4',
'article-title': 'Vaccines are curbing COVID: data from Israel show drop in infections',
'volume': '590',
'author': 'Mallapaty',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'Nature'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006_bib62',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '107001',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107001',
'article-title': 'Lower levels of vitamin D are associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and '
'mortality in the Indian population: an observational study',
'volume': '88',
'author': 'Padhi',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Int Immunopharm'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006_bib63',
'first-page': '1',
'article-title': 'Association of vitamin D status with COVID-19 infection and mortality '
'in the Asia Pacific region: a cross-sectional study',
'author': 'Yadav',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'Indian J Clin Biochem'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006_bib64',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '464',
'DOI': '10.1097/MCO.0000000000000315',
'article-title': 'Changes in circulating vitamin D levels with loss of adipose tissue',
'volume': '19',
'author': 'Gangloff',
'year': '2016',
'journal-title': 'Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006_bib65',
'first-page': '1092',
'article-title': 'Fever, arthralgia, various neurologic symptoms and uremia: systemic '
'lupus erythematosus',
'volume': '754–755',
'author': 'Ofuji',
'year': '1975',
'journal-title': 'Nihon Rinsho'}],
'container-title': 'Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews',
'original-title': [],
'language': 'en',
'link': [ { 'URL': 'https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S1871402121000746?httpAccept=text/xml',
'content-type': 'text/xml',
'content-version': 'vor',
'intended-application': 'text-mining'},
{ 'URL': 'https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S1871402121000746?httpAccept=text/plain',
'content-type': 'text/plain',
'content-version': 'vor',
'intended-application': 'text-mining'}],
'deposited': { 'date-parts': [[2021, 7, 15]],
'date-time': '2021-07-15T07:47:09Z',
'timestamp': 1626335229000},
'score': 1,
'resource': {'primary': {'URL': 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1871402121000746'}},
'subtitle': [],
'short-title': [],
'issued': {'date-parts': [[2021, 5]]},
'references-count': 64,
'journal-issue': {'issue': '3', 'published-print': {'date-parts': [[2021, 5]]}},
'alternative-id': ['S1871402121000746'],
'URL': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006',
'relation': {},
'ISSN': ['1871-4021'],
'subject': [],
'container-title-short': 'Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews',
'published': {'date-parts': [[2021, 5]]},
'assertion': [ {'value': 'Elsevier', 'name': 'publisher', 'label': 'This article is maintained by'},
{ 'value': 'Impact of the vitamin D deficiency on COVID-19 infection and mortality in Asian '
'countries',
'name': 'articletitle',
'label': 'Article Title'},
{ 'value': 'Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews',
'name': 'journaltitle',
'label': 'Journal Title'},
{ 'value': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006',
'name': 'articlelink',
'label': 'CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version'},
{'value': 'article', 'name': 'content_type', 'label': 'Content Type'},
{ 'value': '© 2021 Diabetes India. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.',
'name': 'copyright',
'label': 'Copyright'}]}
