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All Studies   Meta Analysis       

Therapeutic effects of high-dose vitamin C supplementation in patients with COVID-19: a meta-analysis

Sun et al., Nutrition Reviews, doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuad105
Sep 2023  
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Progression 66% Improvement Relative Risk Vitamin C for COVID-19  Sun et al.  META ANALYSIS c19early.org Favorsvitamin C Favorscontrol 0 0.5 1 1.5 2+
Vitamin C for COVID-19
6th treatment shown to reduce risk in September 2020, now with p = 0.00000002 from 73 studies, recognized in 12 countries.
Lower risk for mortality, ICU, hospitalization, and recovery.
No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols combine treatments.
5,100+ studies for 112 treatments. c19early.org
Meta analysis of 14 studies showing lower COVID-19 progression with high-dose vitamin C treatment.
7 meta analyses show significant improvements with vitamin C for mortality1-5, progression6, severity1,5, and cases7.
Currently there are 73 vitamin C for COVID-19 studies, showing 20% lower mortality [10‑28%], 9% lower ventilation [-12‑27%], 14% lower ICU admission [2‑24%], 19% lower hospitalization [7‑30%], and 3% fewer cases [-16‑19%].
risk of progression, 65.6% lower, OR 0.34, p = 0.03, RR approximated with OR.
Effect extraction follows pre-specified rules prioritizing more serious outcomes. Submit updates
Sun et al., 8 Sep 2023, peer-reviewed, 13 authors.
This PaperVitamin CAll
{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2023, 9, 9]], 'date-time': '2023-09-09T04:50:03Z', 'timestamp': 1694235003185}, 'reference-count': 49, 'publisher': 'Oxford University Press (OUP)', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2023, 9, 8]], 'date-time': '2023-09-08T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1694131200000}, 'content-version': 'vor', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://academic.oup.com/pages/standard-publication-reuse-rights'}], 'funder': [ { 'DOI': '10.13039/501100001809', 'name': 'National Natural Scientific Foundation of China', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'award': ['82003400']}, { 'name': 'Science and Technology Program of Henan Province', 'award': ['232102311079', '212102310622']}], 'content-domain': {'domain': [], 'crossmark-restriction': False}, 'abstract': '<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Context</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) could induce the\xa0“cytokine ' 'storm” due to overactivation of immune system and accompanied by acute respiratory distress ' 'syndrome as a serious complication. Vitamin\u2009C has been effective in improving lung ' 'function of patients by reducing inflammation.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Objective</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>The aim was to explore the therapeutic effects of high-dose ' 'vitamin\u2009C supplementation for patients with COVID-19 using meta-analysis.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Data Sources</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>Published studies were searched from PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web ' 'of Science, EMBASE, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases up to August 2022 ' 'using the terms “vitamin\u2009C” and “COVID-19”. Data analyses were performed independently ' 'by 2 researchers using the PRISMA guidelines.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Data Extraction</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>Heterogeneity between the included studies was assessed using I2 ' 'statistics. When I2 ≥50%, the random-effects model was used; otherwise, a fixed-effects model ' 'was applied. Stata 14.0 software was used to pool data by standardized mean differences ' '(SMDs) with 95% CIs or odds ratios (ORs) with 95% CIs.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Data Analysis</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>The 14 studies had a total of 751 patients and 1583 control ' 'participants in 7 randomized controlled trials and 7 retrospective studies. The vitamin\u2009' 'C supplement significantly increased ferritin (SMD\u2009=\u20090.272; 95% CI: 0.059 to 0.485; ' 'P\u2009=\u20090.012) and lymphocyte count levels (SMD\u2009=\u20090.376; 95% CI: 0.153 to ' '0.599; P\u2009=\u20090.001) in patients with COVID-19. Patients administered vitamin\u2009C ' 'in the length of intensive care unit staying (SMD\u2009=\u20090.226; 95% CI: 0.073 to 0.379; ' 'P\u2009=\u20090.004). Intake of vitamin\u2009C prominently alleviate disease aggravation ' '(OR\u2009=\u20090.344, 95%CI: 0.135 to 0.873, P\u2009=\u20090.025).</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>High-dose vitamin\u2009C supplementation can alleviate inflammatory ' 'response and hinder the aggravation of COVID-19.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec>', 'DOI': '10.1093/nutrit/nuad105', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': {'date-parts': [[2023, 9, 8]], 'date-time': '2023-09-08T15:58:42Z', 'timestamp': 1694188722000}, 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 0, 'title': 'Therapeutic effects of high-dose vitamin C supplementation in patients with COVID-19: a ' 'meta-analysis', 'prefix': '10.1093', 'author': [ { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6134-1592', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Lei', 'family': 'Sun', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, ' 'Zhengzhou University, Environment and Health Innovation Team , ' 'Zhengzhou, Henan, China'}]}, { 'given': 'Jia-Hao', 'family': 'Zhao', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, ' 'Zhengzhou University, Environment and Health Innovation Team , ' 'Zhengzhou, Henan, China'}]}, { 'given': 'Wen-Yi', 'family': 'Fan', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, ' 'Zhengzhou University, Environment and Health Innovation Team , ' 'Zhengzhou, Henan, China'}]}, { 'given': 'Bo', 'family': 'Feng', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, ' 'Zhengzhou University, Environment and Health Innovation Team , ' 'Zhengzhou, Henan, China'}]}, { 'given': 'Wen-Wen', 'family': 'Liu', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, ' 'Zhengzhou 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'2019', 'journal-title': 'JAMA'}, { 'key': '2023090814453546700_nuad105-B43', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1154', 'DOI': '10.3390/nu13041154', 'article-title': 'Feasibility of vitamin C in the treatment of post viral fatigue with ' 'focus on long COVID, based on a systematic review of IV vitamin C on ' 'fatigue', 'volume': '13', 'author': 'Vollbracht', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Nutrients'}, { 'key': '2023090814453546700_nuad105-B44', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1708', 'DOI': '10.1056/NEJMoa2002032', 'article-title': 'Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China', 'volume': '382', 'author': 'Guan', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'N Engl J Med'}, { 'key': '2023090814453546700_nuad105-B45', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1517', 'DOI': '10.1007/s43440-020-00176-1', 'article-title': 'Overview of the possible role of vitamin C in management of COVID-19', 'volume': '72', 'author': 'Abobaker', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Pharmacol Rep'}, { 'key': '2023090814453546700_nuad105-B46', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '495', 'DOI': '10.1177/014107680710001109', 'article-title': 'Vitamin C may affect lung infections', 'volume': '100', 'author': 'Hemilä', 'year': '2007', 'journal-title': 'J R Soc Med'}, { 'key': '2023090814453546700_nuad105-B47', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '224', 'DOI': '10.3947/ic.2020.52.2.224', 'article-title': 'Reply: vitamin C as a possible therapy for COVID-19', 'volume': '52', 'author': 'Kim', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Infect Chemother'}, { 'key': '2023090814453546700_nuad105-B48', 'first-page': '533', 'article-title': 'Vitamin C pharmacokinetics: implications for oral and intravenous use', 'author': 'Padayatty'}, { 'key': '2023090814453546700_nuad105-B49', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '3704', 'DOI': '10.1073/pnas.93.8.3704', 'article-title': 'Vitamin C pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers: evidence for a ' 'recommended dietary allowance', 'volume': '93', 'author': 'Levine', 'year': '1996', 'journal-title': 'Proc Natl Acad Sci USA'}], 'container-title': 'Nutrition Reviews', 'original-title': [], 'language': 'en', 'link': [ { 'URL': 'https://academic.oup.com/nutritionreviews/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/nutrit/nuad105/51442062/nuad105.pdf', 'content-type': 'application/pdf', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'syndication'}, { 'URL': 'https://academic.oup.com/nutritionreviews/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/nutrit/nuad105/51442062/nuad105.pdf', 'content-type': 'unspecified', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'similarity-checking'}], 'deposited': { 'date-parts': [[2023, 9, 8]], 'date-time': '2023-09-08T15:58:59Z', 'timestamp': 1694188739000}, 'score': 1, 'resource': { 'primary': { 'URL': 'https://academic.oup.com/nutritionreviews/advance-article/doi/10.1093/nutrit/nuad105/7264250'}}, 'subtitle': [], 'short-title': [], 'issued': {'date-parts': [[2023, 9, 8]]}, 'references-count': 49, 'URL': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuad105', 'relation': {}, 'ISSN': ['0029-6643', '1753-4887'], 'subject': ['Nutrition and Dietetics', 'Medicine (miscellaneous)'], 'published': {'date-parts': [[2023, 9, 8]]}}
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Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. c19early involves the extraction of 100,000+ datapoints from thousands of papers. Community updates help ensure high accuracy. Treatments and other interventions are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. FLCCC and WCH provide treatment protocols.
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