Vitamin D levels associate with blood glucose and BMI in COVID-19 patients predicting disease severity

{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2024, 3, 7]], 'date-time': '2024-03-07T20:59:41Z', 'timestamp': 1709845181473}, 'reference-count': 80, 'publisher': 'The Endocrine Society', 'issue': '1', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2021, 8, 12]], 'date-time': '2021-08-12T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1628726400000}, 'content-version': 'vor', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model'}], 'content-domain': {'domain': [], 'crossmark-restriction': False}, 'published-print': {'date-parts': [[2022, 1, 1]]}, 'abstract': '<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Context</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>A high prevalence of vitamin D (VD) deficiency in COVID-19 patients ' 'has been reported and hypothesized to increase COVID-19 severity likely because of its ' 'negative impact on immune and inflammatory responses. Furthermore, clear associations between ' 'hypovitaminosis D and fat body mass excess and diabetes, factors associated with COVID-19 ' 'severity, have been widely recognized.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Objective</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>The aim of this study was to evaluate in COVID-19 patients the ' 'relationship between VD levels and inflammatory response, body mass index (BMI), blood ' 'glucose (GLU), and disease severity.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Methods</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>Patients admitted to San Raffaele-Hospital for COVID-19 were ' 'enrolled in this study, excluding those with comorbidities and therapies influencing VD ' 'metabolism. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D levels, plasma GLU levels, BMI, and inflammatory parameters ' 'were evaluated at admission.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Results</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>A total of 88 patients were included. Median VD level was 16.3 ' 'ng/mL and VD deficiency was found in 68.2% of patients. VD deficiency was found more ' 'frequently in male patients and in those affected by severe COVID-19. Regression analyses ' 'showed a positive correlation between VD and PaO2/FiO2 ratio, and negative correlations ' 'between VD and plasma GLU, BMI, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, C-reactive protein, and ' 'interleukin 6. Patients with both hypovitaminosis D and diabetes mellitus, as well those with ' 'hypovitaminosis D and overweight, were more frequently affected by a severe disease with ' 'worse inflammatory response and respiratory parameters, compared to those without or just one ' 'of these conditions.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Conclusion</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>We showed, for the first-time, a strict association of VD levels ' 'with blood GLU and BMI in COVID-19 patients. VD deficiency might be a novel common ' 'pathophysiological mechanism involved in the detrimental effect of hyperglycemia and ' 'adiposity on disease severity.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec>', 'DOI': '10.1210/clinem/dgab599', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': {'date-parts': [[2021, 8, 12]], 'date-time': '2021-08-12T16:34:17Z', 'timestamp': 1628786057000}, 'page': 'e348-e360', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 30, 'title': 'Vitamin D Levels Are Associated With Blood Glucose and BMI in COVID-19 Patients, Predicting ' 'Disease Severity', 'prefix': '10.1210', 'volume': '107', 'author': [ { 'given': 'Luigi', 'family': 'di Filippo', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, Vita-Salute San ' 'Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, ' 'Italy'}]}, { 'given': 'Agnese', 'family': 'Allora', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, Vita-Salute San ' 'Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, ' 'Italy'}]}, { 'given': 'Mauro', 'family': 'Doga', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, Vita-Salute San ' 'Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, ' 'Italy'}]}, { 'given': 'Anna Maria', 'family': 'Formenti', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, Vita-Salute San ' 'Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, ' 'Italy'}]}, { 'given': 'Massimo', 'family': 'Locatelli', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Laboratory Medicine Service, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, ' 'Italy'}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2615-3649', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Patrizia', 'family': 'Rovere Querini', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and Division of ' 'Transplantation, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San ' 'Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy'}]}, { 'given': 'Stefano', 'family': 'Frara', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, Vita-Salute San ' 'Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, ' 'Italy'}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6783-3398', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Andrea', 'family': 'Giustina', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, Vita-Salute San ' 'Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, ' 'Italy'}]}], 'member': '80', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2021, 8, 12]]}, 'reference': [ { 'issue': '13', 'key': '2021121823131290400_CIT0001', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1199', 'DOI': '10.1056/NEJMoa2001316', 'article-title': 'Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel ' 'coronavirus-infected pneumonia', 'volume': '382', 'author': 'Li', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'N Engl J Med.'}, { 'issue': '11', 'key': '2021121823131290400_CIT0002', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1061', 'DOI': '10.1001/jama.2020.1585', 'article-title': 'Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel ' 'coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China [published correction ' 'appears in JAMA. 2021;325(11):1113]', 'volume': '323', 'author': 'Wang', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'JAMA'}, { 'issue': '7', 'key': '2021121823131290400_CIT0003', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1017', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41591-020-0968-3', 'article-title': 'Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19', 'volume': '26', 'author': 'Gupta', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Nat Med.'}, { 'issue': '4', 'key': '2021121823131290400_CIT0004', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '495', 'DOI': '10.1007/s11154-020-09569-2', 'article-title': 'Endocrine and metabolic aspects of the COVID-19 pandemic [published ' 'correction appears in Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2021;22(1):145]', 'volume': '21', 'author': 'Marazuela', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Rev Endocr Metab Disord'}, { 'issue': '1', 'key': '2021121823131290400_CIT0005', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '2', 'DOI': '10.1007/s12020-020-02294-5', 'article-title': 'COVID-19 and endocrine diseases. 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