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All Studies   Meta Analysis       

No significant benefit of moderate-dose vitamin C on severe COVID-19 cases

Zheng et al., Open Medicine, doi:10.1515/med-2021-0361
Sep 2021  
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Mortality -157% Improvement Relative Risk Mortality (b) -169% Clinical improvement ≥ 2.. -35% Clinical improvement.. (b) -32% Vitamin C for COVID-19  Zheng et al.  LATE TREATMENT Is late treatment with vitamin C beneficial for COVID-19? Retrospective 397 patients in China (February - February 2020) Higher mortality (p=0.33) and worse improvement (p=0.17), not sig. c19early.org Zheng et al., Open Medicine, September 2021 Favorsvitamin C Favorscontrol 0 0.5 1 1.5 2+
Vitamin C for COVID-19
6th treatment shown to reduce risk in September 2020, now with p = 0.000000028 from 72 studies, recognized in 12 countries.
No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols combine treatments.
5,000+ studies for 104 treatments. c19early.org
Retrospective 397 severe COVID-19 patients in China, showing worse outcomes with vitamin C treatment, without statistical significance. IV vitamin C 2-4g/day. Subject to confounding by indication and immortal time bias. Exclusion criteria were (a) the duration of hospitalization was less than 3 days; (b) vitamin C treatment started before admission; and (c) the length of vitamin C use was less than 3 days. Includes vitamin C use started at any time during hospitalization, for many patients this was >15 days later (Figure A2). Duration of treatment varied widely (Figure A1). Treatment was determined by clinicians according to the condition of each patient.
This is the 33rd of 72 COVID-19 controlled studies for vitamin C, which collectively show efficacy with p=0.000000028 (1 in 35 million).
21 studies are RCTs, which show efficacy with p=0.0012.
This study is excluded in the after exclusion results of meta analysis: substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely; immortal time bias may significantly affect results; treatment start times unknown, treatment may not have started at baseline.
risk of death, 157.0% higher, HR 2.57, p = 0.33, treatment 12 of 70 (17.1%), control 7 of 327 (2.1%), adjusted per study, propensity score matching.
risk of death, 169.0% higher, HR 2.69, p = 0.07, treatment 12 of 70 (17.1%), control 7 of 327 (2.1%), adjusted per study, IPTW.
clinical improvement ≥ 2 points, 35.1% worse, HR 1.35, p = 0.17, treatment 18 of 70 (25.7%), control 16 of 327 (4.9%), adjusted per study, inverted to make HR<1 favor treatment, propensity score matching.
clinical improvement ≥ 2 points, 31.6% worse, HR 1.32, p = 0.11, treatment 18 of 70 (25.7%), control 16 of 327 (4.9%), adjusted per study, inverted to make HR<1 favor treatment, IPTW.
Effect extraction follows pre-specified rules prioritizing more serious outcomes. Submit updates
Zheng et al., 22 Sep 2021, retrospective, China, peer-reviewed, 10 authors, study period 13 February, 2020 - 29 February, 2020, dosage 3000mg days 1-5.
This PaperVitamin CAll
No significant benefit of moderate-dose vitamin C on severe COVID-19 cases
Shaoping Zheng, Qiaosen Chen, Hongbo Jiang, Chunxia Guo, Jinzhuo Luo, Sumeng Li, Hua Wang, Huadong Li, Xin Zheng, Zhihong Weng
Open Medicine, doi:10.1515/med-2021-0361
There is no specific drug for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We aimed to investigate the possible clinical efficacy of moderate-dose vitamin C infusion among inpatients with severe COVID-19. Data of 397 adult patients with severe COVID-19 admitted to a designated clinical center of Wuhan Union Hospital (China) between February 13 and February 29, 2020, were collected. Besides standard therapies, patients were treated with vitamin C (2-4 g/day) or not. The primary outcome was all-cause death. Secondary outcome was clinical improvement of 2 points on a 6-point ordinal scale. About 70 participants were treated with intravenous vitamin C, and 327 did not receive it. No significant association was found between vitamin C use and death on inverse probability treatment weighting (IPTW) analysis (weighted hazard ratio [HR], 2.69; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.91-7.89). Clinical improvement occurred in 74.3% (52/70) of patients in the vitamin C group and 95.1% (311/327) in the no vitamin C group. No significant difference was observed between the two groups on IPTW analysis (weighted HR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.55-1.07). Our findings revealed that in patients with severe COVID-19, treatment with moderate dose of intravenous vitamin C had no significant benefit on reducing the risk of death and obtaining clinical improvement.
Conflict of interest: The authors report no conflict of interest. Appendix
References
Ackermann, Verleden, Kuehnel, Haverich, Welte et al., Pulmonary vascular endothelialitis, thrombosis, and angiogenesis in Covid-19, N Engl J Med, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2015432
Carr, Rosengrave, Bayer, Chambers, Mehrtens et al., Hypovitaminosis C and vitamin C deficiency in critically ill patients despite recommended enteral and parenteral intakes, Crit Care
Chen, Zhou, Dong, Qu, Gong et al., Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study, Lancet, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7
China, Guidelines of the diagnosis and treatment of novel coronavirus pneumonia (trial version 8)
De Grooth, Manubulu-Choo, Zandvliet, Spoelstra-De Man, Girbes et al., Vitamin C pharmacokinetics in critically Ill patients: a randomized trial of four IV regimens, Chest
Fowler Aa 3rd, Truwit, Hite, Morris, Dewilde et al., Effect of vitamin C infusion on organ failure and biomarkers of inflammation and vascular injury in patients with sepsis and severe acute respiratory failure: the CITRIS-ALI randomized clinical trial, JAMA
Grein, Ohmagari, Shin, Diaz, Asperges et al., Compassionate use of remdesivir for patients with severe Covid-19, N Engl J Med
Hecker, Mechanisms and consequences of oxidative stress in lung disease: therapeutic implications for an aging populace, Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, doi:10.1152/ajplung.00275.2017
Hemilä, Chalker, Vitamin C as a possible therapy for COVID-19, Infect Chemother, doi:10.3947/ic.2020.52.2.222
Hemilä, Chalker, Vitamin C can shorten the length of stay in the ICU: a meta-analysis, Nutrients
Hemilä, Chalker, Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold, Cochrane Database Syst Rev
Hemilä, Chalker, Vitamin C may reduce the duration of mechanical ventilation in critically ill patients: a metaregression analysis, J Intensive Care
Hiedra, Lo, Elbashabsheh, Gul, Wright et al., The use of IV vitamin C for patients with COVID-19: a case series, Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther
Hunt, Chakravorty, Annan, Habibzadeh, Schorah, The clinical effects of vitamin C supplementation in elderly hospitalised patients with acute respiratory infections, Int J Vitam Nutr Res
Iii, Kim, Lepler, Malhotra, Debesa et al., Intravenous vitamin C as adjunctive therapy for enterovirus/rhinovirus induced acute respiratory distress syndrome, World J Crit Care Med
Kim, Yeom, Reply: vitamin C as a possible therapy for COVID-19, Infect Chemother, doi:10.3947/ic.2020.52.2.224
Mousavi, Bereswill, Heimesaat, Immunomodulatory and antimicrobial effects of vitamin C, Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp)
Nabzdyk, Bittner, Vitamin C in the critically ill -indications and controversies, World J Crit Care Med
Patel, Dial, Wu, Gauthier, Wu et al., Dietary antioxidants significantly attenuate hyperoxia-induced acute inflammatory lung injury by enhancing macrophage function via reducing the accumulation of airway HMGB1, Int J Mol Sci
Stuart, Lee, Leacy, Prognostic score-based balance measures can be a useful diagnostic for propensity score methods in comparative effectiveness research, J Clin Epidemiol
Wiersinga, Rhodes, Cheng, Peacock, Prescott, Pathophysiology, transmission, diagnosis, and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a review, JAMA
Yan, Fu, Jia, Ma, Tao et al., Nrf2/Keap1/ARE signaling mediated an antioxidative protection of human placental mesenchymal stem cells of fetal origin in alveolar epithelial cells, Oxid Med Cell Longev
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Data of 397 adult patients with severe COVID-19 admitted to ' 'a designated clinical center of Wuhan Union Hospital (China) between February 13 and February ' '29, 2020, were collected. Besides standard therapies, patients were treated with vitamin C ' '(2–4\u2009g/day) or not. The primary outcome was all-cause death. Secondary outcome was ' 'clinical improvement of 2 points on a 6-point ordinal scale. About 70 participants were ' 'treated with intravenous vitamin C, and 327 did not receive it. No significant association ' 'was found between vitamin C use and death on inverse probability treatment weighting (IPTW) ' 'analysis (weighted hazard ratio [HR], 2.69; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.91–7.89). ' 'Clinical improvement occurred in 74.3% (52/70) of patients in the vitamin C group and 95.1% ' '(311/327) in the no vitamin C group. No significant difference was observed between the two ' 'groups on IPTW analysis (weighted HR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.55–1.07). 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Late treatment
is less effective
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