A combined role for low vitamin D and low albumin circulating levels as strong predictors of worse outcome in COVID-19 patients

{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2022, 2, 19]], 'date-time': '2022-02-19T09:11:14Z', 'timestamp': 1645261874798}, 'reference-count': 51, 'publisher': 'Springer Science and Business Media LLC', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2022, 2, 19]], 'date-time': '2022-02-19T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1645228800000}, 'content-version': 'tdm', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'}, { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2022, 2, 19]], 'date-time': '2022-02-19T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1645228800000}, 'content-version': 'vor', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'}], 'content-domain': {'domain': ['link.springer.com'], 'crossmark-restriction': False}, 'short-container-title': ['Ir J Med Sci'], 'abstract': '<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Purpose</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>We aimed to assess the combined role of vitamin D and albumin serum ' 'levels as predictors of COVID-19 disease progression.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec><jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Methods</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>We conducted a prospective observational study on adult patients ' 'hospitalized for SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia (March–September 2020). Vitamin D and albumin serum ' 'levels were measured on admission. These variables were categorized in albumin\u2009&lt;\u2009' '3.5 or\u2009≥\u20093.5\xa0g/dL and vitamin D\u2009&lt;\u200930\xa0ng/mL or\u2009≥\u200930\xa0' 'ng/mL. We excluded patients with known bone diseases, renal failure, hypercalcemia and/or ' 'treated with antiepileptic drugs and steroids, and patients who received previous vitamin D ' 'supplementation. A composite outcome including any ventilatory support, ' 'PaO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>/FiO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> ratio, and 60-day mortality was ' 'defined.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec><jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Results</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>Sixty-nine patients were enrolled, of whom 50% received non-invasive ' '(NIV) or invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), 10% died, whereas 89% and 66% presented low ' 'albumin and low vitamin D serum levels, respectively. No correlation between vitamin D and ' 'albumin levels was found. In multivariable logistic regression analyses adjusted for sex and ' 'age-corrected comorbidities, patients having albumin\u2009&lt;\u20093.5\xa0g/dL and vitamin ' 'D\u2009&lt;\u200930\xa0ng/mL showed a significant increased risk for all study outcomes, ' 'namely NIV/IMV (<jats:italic>OR</jats:italic> 3.815; 95% <jats:italic>CI</jats:italic> ' '1.122–12.966; <jats:italic>p</jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.032), NIV/IMV or death ' '(<jats:italic>OR</jats:italic> 3.173; 95% <jats:italic>CI</jats:italic> 1.002–10.043; ' '<jats:italic>p</jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.049) and ' 'PaO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>/FIO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>\u2009≤\u2009100 ' '(<jats:italic>OR</jats:italic> 3.410; 95% <jats:italic>CI</jats:italic> 1.138–10.219; ' '<jats:italic>p</jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.029).</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec><jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Conclusion</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>The measurement of both vitamin D and serum albumin levels on COVID-19 ' 'patients’ admission, and their combined evaluation, provides a simple prognostic tool that ' 'could be employed to guide prompt clinical decisions.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec>', 'DOI': '10.1007/s11845-022-02952-9', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': {'date-parts': [[2022, 2, 19]], 'date-time': '2022-02-19T08:09:52Z', 'timestamp': 1645258192000}, 'update-policy': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 0, 'title': [ 'A combined role for low vitamin D and low albumin circulating levels as strong predictors of ' 'worse outcome in COVID-19 patients'], 'prefix': '10.1007', 'author': [ { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8319-635X', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Gianfranco', 'family': 'Sanson', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': []}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5973-9948', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Amedeo', 'family': 'De Nicolò', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9204-032X', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Verena', 'family': 'Zerbato', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6024-1485', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Ludovica', 'family': 'Segat', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1777-7110', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Raffaella', 'family': 'Koncan', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6121-7009', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Stefano', 'family': 'Di Bella', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1977-9694', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Jessica', 'family': 'Cusato', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1122-8663', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Alessandra', 'family': 'di Masi', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1143-4926', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Andrea', 'family': 'Palermo', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0490-0818', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Pietro', 'family': 'Caironi', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4549-9602', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Pierlanfranco', 'family': 'D’Agaro', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5546-0715', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Roberto', 'family': 'Luzzati', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1321-4126', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Antonio', 'family': 'D’Avolio', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}], 'member': '297', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2022, 2, 19]]}, 'reference': [ { 'issue': '1', 'key': '2952_CR1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1', 'DOI': '10.1002/rmv.2146', 'volume': '31', 'author': 'B Gallo Marin', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Gallo Marin B, Aghagoli G, Lavine K et al (2021) Predictors of covid-19 ' 'severity: a literature review. 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