Comparing vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms in rs11568820, rs7970314, rs4334089 between COVID-19 patients with mild and severe symptoms: a case control study

{ 'DOI': '10.1038/s41598-024-57424-0', 'ISSN': ['2045-2322'], 'URL': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-57424-0', 'abstract': '<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>The associations of vitamin D receptor (VDR)- single ' 'nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with the symptoms of COVID-19 may vary between patients with ' 'different severities of COVID-19. Therefore, in the present study, we aim to compare VDR ' 'polymorphisms in severe and mild COVID-19 patients. In this study, a total number of 85 ' 'hospitalized patients and 91\xa0mild/moderate patients with COVID-19 were recruited. SNPs in ' 'VDR genes were determined using ARMS and then confirmed by sanger sequencing. The mean (SD) ' 'age of participants in hospitalized and non-hospitalized group was 59.0 (12.4) and 47.8 ' '(14.8)\xa0years, respectively. Almost 46% of participants in hospitalized and 48% of ' 'participant in non-hospitalized group were male. The frequency of TT genotype of SNP ' 'rs11568820 was significantly lower in hospitalized than non-hospitalized group (3.5% vs. ' '17.6%; <jats:italic>P</jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.018). However, there was no significant ' 'differences between genotypes of SNPs rs7970314 and rs4334089 and also alleles frequencies in ' 'all SNPs of two groups. The genotype of rs11568820 SNP had an inverse association with ' 'hospitalization of patients with COVID-19 after adjustment for comorbidities [OR\u20090.18, ' '95% CI 0.04, 0.88; <jats:italic>P</jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.034]. While, there was no ' 'relationship between genotypes of SNPs rs7970314 and rs4334089 and hospitalization. The TT ' 'genotype of rs11568820 plays protective role in sever COVID-19 and hospitalization. Further ' 'studies with a large sample size which consider various confounding factors are warranted to ' 'confirm our results.</jats:p>', 'alternative-id': ['57424'], 'article-number': '10170', 'assertion': [ { 'group': {'label': 'Article History', 'name': 'ArticleHistory'}, 'label': 'Received', 'name': 'received', 'order': 1, 'value': '3 December 2023'}, { 'group': {'label': 'Article History', 'name': 'ArticleHistory'}, 'label': 'Accepted', 'name': 'accepted', 'order': 2, 'value': '18 March 2024'}, { 'group': {'label': 'Article History', 'name': 'ArticleHistory'}, 'label': 'First Online', 'name': 'first_online', 'order': 3, 'value': '3 May 2024'}, { 'group': {'label': 'Competing interests', 'name': 'EthicsHeading'}, 'name': 'Ethics', 'order': 1, 'value': 'The authors declare no competing interests.'}], 'author': [ {'affiliation': [], 'family': 'Mohammadifard', 'given': 'Noushin', 'sequence': 'first'}, {'affiliation': [], 'family': 'Sadeghian', 'given': 'Ladan', 'sequence': 'additional'}, {'affiliation': [], 'family': 'Hassannejad', 'given': 'Razieh', 'sequence': 'additional'}, {'affiliation': [], 'family': 'Khosravi', 'given': 'Elham', 'sequence': 'additional'}, {'affiliation': [], 'family': 'Gharipour', 'given': 'Mojgan', 'sequence': 'additional'}, {'affiliation': [], 'family': 'Karimi', 'given': 'Simin', 'sequence': 'additional'}, {'affiliation': [], 'family': 'Hosseini', 'given': 'Shidokht', 'sequence': 'additional'}, {'affiliation': [], 'family': 'Sepahifar', 'given': 'Mahtab', 'sequence': 'additional'}, {'affiliation': [], 'family': 'Bahrami', 'given': 'Ghazaleh', 'sequence': 'additional'}, {'affiliation': [], 'family': 'Haghighatdoost', 'given': 'Fahimeh', 'sequence': 'additional'}, {'affiliation': [], 'family': 'Sarrafzadegan', 'given': 'Nizal', 'sequence': 'additional'}], 'container-title': 'Scientific Reports', 'container-title-short': 'Sci Rep', 'content-domain': {'crossmark-restriction': False, 'domain': ['link.springer.com']}, 'created': {'date-parts': [[2024, 5, 3]], 'date-time': '2024-05-03T07:02:34Z', 'timestamp': 1714719754000}, 'deposited': { 'date-parts': [[2024, 5, 3]], 'date-time': '2024-05-03T07:05:34Z', 'timestamp': 1714719934000}, 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2024, 5, 4]], 'date-time': '2024-05-04T00:36:10Z', 'timestamp': 1714782970848}, 'is-referenced-by-count': 0, 'issue': '1', 'issued': {'date-parts': [[2024, 5, 3]]}, 'journal-issue': {'issue': '1', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2024, 12]]}}, 'language': 'en', 'license': [ { 'URL': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0', 'content-version': 'tdm', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2024, 5, 3]], 'date-time': '2024-05-03T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1714694400000}}, { 'URL': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0', 'content-version': 'vor', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2024, 5, 3]], 'date-time': '2024-05-03T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1714694400000}}], 'link': [ { 'URL': 'https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-57424-0.pdf', 'content-type': 'application/pdf', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'text-mining'}, { 'URL': 'https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-57424-0', 'content-type': 'text/html', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'text-mining'}, { 'URL': 'https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-57424-0.pdf', 'content-type': 'application/pdf', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'similarity-checking'}], 'member': '297', 'original-title': [], 'prefix': '10.1038', 'published': {'date-parts': [[2024, 5, 3]]}, 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2024, 5, 3]]}, 'publisher': 'Springer Science and Business Media LLC', 'reference': [ { 'DOI': '10.1001/jama.2020.6775', 'author': 'S Richardson', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '2052', 'issue': '20', 'journal-title': 'JAMA', 'key': '57424_CR1', 'unstructured': 'Richardson, S. et al. 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