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Micronutrient perspective on COVID-19: Umbrella review and reanalysis of meta-analyses

Xie et al., Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, doi:10.1080/10408398.2023.2174948, PROSPERO CRD42022353953

Feb 2023

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Zinc for COVID-19

2nd treatment shown to reduce risk in July 2020

^*, now known with p = 0.0000013 from 44 studies, recognized in 11 countries.

Lower risk for mortality, ventilation, hospitalization, progression, recovery, and viral clearance.

No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols combine complementary and synergistic treatments. ^* >10% efficacy in meta analysis with ≥3 clinical studies.

4,000+ studies for 60+ treatments. c19early.org

Systematic review and meta analysis of micronutrient supplementation, showing zinc supplementation associated with lower mortality. Note that forest plots have OR>1 favoring supplementation.

6 meta analyses show significant improvements with zinc for mortality Abuhelwa, Olczak-Pruc, Rheingold, Tabatabaeizadeh, Xie, severity Fan, and cases Fan.

Currently there are 44 zinc treatment for COVID-19 studies, showing 29% lower mortality [10‑44%], 44% lower ventilation [4‑68%], 26% lower ICU admission [-7‑49%], 20% lower hospitalization [4‑34%], and 22% fewer cases [-10‑45%].

1. Abuhelwa, Z., Do Zinc Supplements Reduce Mortality in Patients with COVID-19?, Translation: The University of Toledo Journal of Medical Sciences, doi:10.46570/utjms.vol11-2023-749.utoledo.edu, doi.org.

2. Fan et al., Zinc and selenium status in coronavirus disease 2019, BioMetals, doi:10.1007/s10534-023-00501-0.springer.com, doi.org.

3. Olczak-Pruc et al., The effect of zinc supplementation on the course of COVID-19 – A systematic review and meta-analysis, Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, doi:10.26444/aaem/155846.aaem.pl, doi.org.

4. Rheingold et al., Zinc Supplementation Associated With a Decrease in Mortality in COVID-19 Patients: A Meta-Analysis, Cureus, doi:10.7759/cureus.40231.cureus.com, doi.org.

5. Tabatabaeizadeh, S., Zinc supplementation and COVID-19 mortality: a meta-analysis, European Journal of Medical Research, doi:10.1186/s40001-022-00694-z.biomedcentral.com, doi.org.

6. Xie et al., Micronutrient perspective on COVID-19: Umbrella review and reanalysis of meta-analyses, Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, doi:10.1080/10408398.2023.2174948.tandfonline.com, doi.org.

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Study covers zinc and vitamin D.

Xie et al., 15 Feb 2023, peer-reviewed, 16 authors, trial PROSPERO CRD42022353953.

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Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. c19early involves the extraction of 100,000+ datapoints from thousands of papers. Community updates help ensure high accuracy. Treatments and other interventions are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. FLCCC and WCH provide treatment protocols.

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