Diabetes and Covid-19 among hospitalized patients in Saudi Arabia: a single-centre retrospective study

{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2024, 3, 12]], 'date-time': '2024-03-12T12:22:47Z', 'timestamp': 1710246167746}, 'reference-count': 42, 'publisher': 'Springer Science and Business Media LLC', 'issue': '1', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2020, 12, 1]], 'date-time': '2020-12-01T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1606780800000}, 'content-version': 'tdm', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/'}, { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2020, 12, 5]], 'date-time': '2020-12-05T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1607126400000}, 'content-version': 'vor', 'delay-in-days': 4, 'URL': 'http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/'}], 'funder': [ { 'name': 'Deputyship for Research and Innovation, Ministry of Education, Saudi Arabia', 'award': ['IFKSUHI-2020-110']}], 'content-domain': {'domain': ['link.springer.com'], 'crossmark-restriction': False}, 'published-print': {'date-parts': [[2020, 12]]}, 'abstract': '<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec>\n' '<jats:title>Background</jats:title>\n' '<jats:p>Information on the clinical characteristics and outcomes of hospitalized Covid-19 ' 'patients with or without diabetes mellitus (DM) is limited in the Arab region. This study ' 'aims to fill this gap.</jats:p>\n' '</jats:sec><jats:sec>\n' '<jats:title>Methods</jats:title>\n' '<jats:p>In this single-center retrospective study, medical records of hospitalized adults ' 'with confirmed Covid-19 [RT-PCR positive for SARS-CoV2] at King Saud University Medical City ' '(KSUMC)-King Khaled University Hospital (KKUH), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia from May to July 2020 ' 'were analyzed. Clinical, radiological and serological information, as well as outcomes were ' 'recorded and analyzed.</jats:p>\n' '</jats:sec><jats:sec>\n' '<jats:title>Results</jats:title>\n' '<jats:p>A total of 439 patients were included (median age 55\xa0years; 68.3% men). The most ' 'prevalent comorbidities were vitamin D deficiency (74.7%), DM (68.3%), hypertension (42.6%) ' 'and obesity (42.2%). During hospitalization, 77 out of the 439 patients (17.5%) died. DM ' 'patients have a significantly higher death rate (20.5% versus 12.3%; p\u2009=\u20090.04) and ' 'lower survival time (p\u2009=\u20090.016) than non-DM. Multivariate cox proportional hazards ' 'regression model revealed that age [Hazards ratio, HR 3.0 (95% confidence interval, CI ' '1.7–5.3); p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001], congestive heart failure [adjusted HR 3.5 (CI 1.4–8.3); ' 'p\u2009=\u20090.006], smoking [adjusted HR 5.8 (CI 2.0–17.2); p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001], ' 'β-blocker use [adjusted HR 1.7 (CI 1.0–2.9); p\u2009=\u20090.04], bilateral lung infiltrates ' '[adjusted HR 1.9 (CI 1.1–3.3); p\u2009=\u20090.02], creatinine\u2009&gt;\u200990\xa0µmol/l ' '[adjusted HR 2.1 (CI 1.3–3.5); p\u2009=\u20090.004] and 25(OH)D\u2009&lt;\u200912.5\xa0nmol/l ' '[adjusted HR 7.0 (CI 1.7–28.2); p\u2009=\u20090.007] were significant predictors of mortality ' 'among hospitalized Covid-19 patients. Random blood glucose\u2009≥\u200911.1\xa0mmol/l was ' 'significantly associated with intensive care admission [adjusted HR 1.5 (CI 1.0–2.2); p\u2009' '=\u20090.04], as well as smoking, β-blocker use, neutrophil\u2009&gt;\u20097.5, ' 'creatinine\u2009&gt;\u200990\xa0µmol/l and alanine aminotransferase\u2009&gt;\u2009' '65U/l.</jats:p>\n' '</jats:sec><jats:sec>\n' '<jats:title>Conclusion</jats:title>\n' '<jats:p>The prevalence of DM is high among hospitalized Covid-19 patients in Riyadh, Saudi ' 'Arabia. While DM patients have a higher mortality rate than their non-DM counterparts, other ' 'factors such as old age, congestive heart failure, smoking, β-blocker use, presence of ' 'bilateral lung infiltrates, elevated creatinine and severe vitamin D deficiency, appear to be ' 'more significant predictors of fatal outcome. Patients with acute metabolic dysfunctions, ' 'including hyperglycemia on admission are more likely to receive intensive care.</jats:p>\n' '</jats:sec>', 'DOI': '10.1186/s12933-020-01184-4', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': {'date-parts': [[2020, 12, 5]], 'date-time': '2020-12-05T14:02:36Z', 'timestamp': 1607176956000}, 'update-policy': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 100, 'title': 'Diabetes and Covid-19 among hospitalized patients in Saudi Arabia: a single-centre retrospective ' 'study', 'prefix': '10.1186', 'volume': '19', 'author': [ { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5800-9970', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Abdullah M.', 'family': 'Alguwaihes', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Mohammed E.', 'family': 'Al-Sofiani', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Maram', 'family': 'Megdad', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Sakhar S.', 'family': 'Albader', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Mohammad H.', 'family': 'Alsari', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Ali', 'family': 'Alelayan', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Saad H.', 'family': 'Alzahrani', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Shaun', 'family': 'Sabico', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Nasser M.', 'family': 'Al-Daghri', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Anwar A.', 'family': 'Jammah', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}], 'member': '297', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2020, 12, 5]]}, 'reference': [ { 'issue': '8', 'key': '1184_CR1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '727', 'DOI': '10.1056/nejmoa2001017', 'volume': '382', 'author': 'N Zhu', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, et al. 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