Diabetes and Covid-19 among hospitalized patients in Saudi Arabia: a single-centre retrospective study
Abdullah M Alguwaihes, Mohammed E Al-Sofiani, Maram Megdad, Sakhar S Albader, Mohammad H Alsari, Ali Alelayan, Saad H Alzahrani, Shaun Sabico, Nasser M Al-Daghri, Anwar A Jammah
Cardiovascular Diabetology, doi:10.1186/s12933-020-01184-4
Background: Information on the clinical characteristics and outcomes of hospitalized Covid-19 patients with or without diabetes mellitus (DM) is limited in the Arab region. This study aims to fill this gap.
Supplementary information Supplementary information accompanies this paper at https ://doi. org/10.1186/s1293 3-020-01184 -4. Additional file 1: Table S1 . Presenting symptoms and vital signs of Covid-19 patients according to severity and final outcome. S2 . Clinical characteristics of Covid-19 patients according to severity and outcome. S3 . Factors for outcomes of interest using the multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model.
Additional file 2: Table
Additional file 3: Table
Abbreviations
Authors' contributions AMA, MEA and AAJ contributed to the study design and conducting the study. MM, SSA, MHA, AA, and SHA contributed to the data collection and conducting the study. SS wrote the manuscript and performed data analysis. AMA and NMA contributed to the data interpretation and fund acquisition. AMA is the guarantor of this work, has full access to the data and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and accuracy of the data analysis. All authors critically reviewed and approved the manuscript in its original, revised and final form. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate Informed consent was waived by the Ethics Committee of the College of Medicine in King Saud University in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (E-20-5090/July 5, 2020).
Consent for publication Not applicable.
Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Publisher's Note Springer Nature remains..
References
Al-Daghri, Os, Alokail, Alkharfy, Yousef et al., Diabetes mellitus type 2 and other chronic noncommunicable diseases in the central region, Saudi Arabia (Riyadh cohort 2): a decade of an epidemic, BMC Med,
doi:10.1186/1741-7015-9-76Al-Daghri, Saleh, Aljohani, Vitamin D deficiency and cardiometabolic risks: a juxtaposition of Arab adolescents and adults, PLoS ONE,
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0131315Alsofayan, Althunayyan, Khan, Hakawi, Assiri, Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia: a national retrospective study, J Infect Public Health,
doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2020.05.026Apicella, Campopiano, Mantuano, Mazoni, Coppelli et al., • support for research data, including large and complex data types • gold Open Access which fosters wider collaboration and increased citations maximum visibility for your research: over 100M website views per year • At BMC, research is always in progress. Learn more biomedcentral.com/submissions Ready to submit your research ? Choose BMC and benefit from: reasons for worse outcomes,
doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30238-2Caballero, Ceriello, Misra, Aschner, Mcdonnell et al., COVID-19 in people living with diabetes: an international consensus, J Diabetes Complications,
doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2020.107671Ceriello, Standl, Catrinoiu, Itzhak, Lalic et al., Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease (D&CVD)" Study Group of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Issues for the management of people with diabetes and COVID-19 in ICU, Cardiovasc Diabetol,
doi:10.1186/s12933-020-01089-2Docherty, Harrison, Green, Features of 20133 UK patients in hospital with covid-19 using the ISARIC WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol: prospective observational cohort study, BMJ,
doi:10.1136/bmj.m1985Farsalinos, Barnouni, Poulas, Polosa, Caponnetto, Current smoking, former smoking, and adverse outcome among hospitalized COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Ther Adv Chronic Dis,
doi:10.1177/2040622320935765Galbadage, Peterson, Awada, Systematic review and meta-analysis of sex-specific COVID-19 clinical outcomes, Front Med,
doi:10.3389/fmed.2020.00348Habibi, Aroor, Das, Manrique-Acevedo, Johnson et al., The combination of a neprilysin inhibitor (sacubitril) and angiotensin-II receptor blocker (valsartan) attenuates glomerular and tubular injury in the Zucker Obese rat, Cardiovasc Diabetol
Hussain, Baxi, Jamali, Nisar, Hussain, Burden of diabetes mellitus and its impact on COVID-19 patients: a meta-analysis of real-world evidence, Diabetes Metab Syndr,
doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2020.08.014Jin, Bai, He, Gender differences in patients with COVID-19: focus on severity and mortality, Front Public Health,
doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.00152Lai, Lancet, Weiden, Characteristics associated with out-of-hospital cardiac arrests and resuscitations during the novel coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic in New York City, JAMA Cardiol,
doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2020.2488Longo, Caruso, Maiorino, Bellastella, Giugliano et al., Treating type 2 diabetes in COVID-19 patients: the potential benefits of injective therapies, Cardiovasc Diabetol,
doi:10.1186/s12933-020-01090-9Maddaloni, Onofrio, Alessandri, Mignogna, Leto et al., Cardiometabolic multimorbidity is associated with a worse Covid-19 prognosis than individual cardiometabolic risk factors: a multicentre retrospective study (CoViDiab II), Cardiovasc Diabetol,
doi:10.1186/s12933-020-01140-2Munshi, Hussein, Toraih, Elshazli, Vitamin D insufficiency as a potential culprit in critical Covid-19 patients, J Med Virol,
doi:10.1002/jmv.26360Ortona, Pierdominici, Rider, Editorial: sex hormones and gender differences in immune responses, Front Immunol,
doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.01076Petrosillo, Viceconte, Ergonul, Ippolito, Petersen, COVID-19, SARS and MERS: are they closely related?, Clin Microbiol Infect,
doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2020.03.026Reddy, Charles, Sklavounos, Dutt, Seed et al., The effect of smoking on COVID-19 severity: a systematic review and metaanalysis, J Med Virol,
doi:10.1002/jmv.26389Ren, Yang, Wang, Yan, Shi et al., Association of the insulin resistance marker TyG index with the severity and mortality of COVID-19, Cardiovasc Diabetol,
doi:10.1186/s12933-020-01035-2Reynolds, Adhikari, Pulgarin, Troxel, Iturrate et al., Renin-angiotensinaldosterone system inhibitors and risk of Covid-19, N Engl J Med,
doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2008975Rezende, Thome, Schveitzer, Souza-Júnior, Szwarcwald, Adults at high-risk of severe coronavirus disease-2019 (Covid-19) in Brazil, Rev Saude Publica,
doi:10.11606/s1518-8787.2020054002596Sardu, Gargiulo, Esposito, Paolisso, Marfella, Impact of diabetes mellitus on clinical outcomes in patients affected by Covid-19, Cardiovasc Diabetol,
doi:10.1186/s12933-020-01047-ySchnell, Standl, Catrinoiu, Itzhak, Lalic et al., Report from the 4th Cardiovascular Outcome Trial (CVOT) Summit of the Diabetes & Cardiovascular Disease (D&CVD) EASD Study Group, Cardiovasc Diabetol
Shi, Zhang, Jiang, Zhang, Hu, Clinical characteristics and risk factors for mortality of COVID-19 patients with diabetes in Wuhan, China: a two-center. Retrospective study, Diabetes Care,
doi:10.2337/dc20-0598Suleyman, Fadel, Malette, Clinical characteristics and morbidity associated with Coronavirus disease 2019 in a series of patients in metropolitan detroit, JAMA Netw Open,
doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.12270Varikasuvu, Dutt, Thangappazham, Varshney, Diabetes and COVID-19: a pooled analysis related to disease severity and mortality, Prim Care Diabetes,
doi:10.1016/j.pcd.2020.08.015Varikasuvu, Varshney, Dutt, Markers of coagulation dysfunction and inflammation in diabetic and non-diabetic COVID-19, J Thromb Thrombolysis,
doi:10.1007/s11239-020-02270-wWu, Mcgoogan, Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, JAMA,
doi:10.1001/jama.2020.2648Zhou, Yu, Du, Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study, Lancet,
doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3
