The Association Between the Level of Serum 25(OH) Vitamin D, Obesity, and underlying Diseases with the risk of Developing COVID-19 Infection: A case-control study of hospitalized patients in Tehran, Iran

DOI record: { "DOI": "10.1002/jmv.26726", "ISSN": [ "0146-6615", "1096-9071" ], "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26726", "abstract": "<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Objectives</jats:title><jats:p>The outbreak of COVID‐19 has created a global public health crisis. Little is known about the predisposing factors of this infection. The aim of this study was to explore an association between the serum vitamin D level, obesity, and underlying health conditions, as well as the vulnerability to COVID‐19 in the Iranian population.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods</jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a case–control study of 201 patients with coronavirus infection and 201 controls. Cases and controls were matched for age and gender. The study was carried out for 2 months (February 2020–April 2020) at Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran, Iran. Serum 25(OH) vitamin D was measured using the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay method. Information containing age, gender, clinical symptoms, body mass index, computed tomography scan findings, and underlying health conditions related to each participant were elicited from health records.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>A significant negative correlation (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = .02) was observed between the serum vitamin D level and developing coronavirus infection. Also, the results showed that the COVID‐19 cases were more likely to be overweight than the controls (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = .023). Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and respiratory infections were found in 20.89%, 9.65%, and 6.96% of cases, respectively. These underlying health conditions were not significantly different between cases and controls (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = .81).</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title><jats:p>Vitamin D deficiency and obesity are two main predisposing factors associated with the vulnerability to coronavirus infection in the Iranian population.</jats:p></jats:sec>", "alternative-id": [ "10.1002/jmv.26726" ], "assertion": [ { "group": { "label": "Publication History", "name": "publication_history" }, "label": "Received", "name": "received", "order": 0, "value": "2020-09-15" }, { "group": { "label": "Publication History", "name": "publication_history" }, "label": "Accepted", "name": "accepted", "order": 1, "value": "2020-12-10" }, { "group": { "label": "Publication History", "name": "publication_history" }, "label": "Published", "name": "published", "order": 2, "value": "2020-12-29" } ], "author": [ { "affiliation": [ { "name": "Department of Pathology, Imam Hospital Complex, School of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran" } ], "family": "Abdollahi", "given": "Alireza", "sequence": "first" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "Department of Medical Mycology, School of Public Health Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran" } ], "family": "Kamali Sarvestani", "given": "Hasti", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine Guilan University of Medical Sciences Rasht Iran" } ], "family": "Rafat", "given": "Zahra", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran" } ], "family": "Ghaderkhani", "given": "Sara", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "Department of Laboratory, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran" } ], "family": "Mahmoudi‐Aliabadi", "given": "Maedeh", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "Department of Pathology, Imam Hospital Complex, School of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran" } ], "family": "Jafarzadeh", "given": "Bita", "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1187-7580", "affiliation": [ { "name": "Department of Pathology, Imam Hospital Complex, School of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran" } ], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Mehrtash", "given": "Vahid", "sequence": "additional" } ], "container-title": "Journal of Medical Virology", "container-title-short": "Journal of Medical Virology", "content-domain": { "crossmark-restriction": true, "domain": [ "onlinelibrary.wiley.com" ] }, "created": { "date-parts": [ [ 2020, 12, 12 ] ], "date-time": "2020-12-12T09:06:32Z", "timestamp": 1607763992000 }, "deposited": { "date-parts": [ [ 2023, 9, 1 ] ], "date-time": "2023-09-01T12:28:18Z", "timestamp": 1693571298000 }, "indexed": { "date-parts": [ [ 2024, 4, 2 ] ], "date-time": "2024-04-02T15:05:55Z", "timestamp": 1712070355228 }, "is-referenced-by-count": 33, "issue": "4", "issued": { "date-parts": [ [ 2020, 12, 29 ] ] }, "journal-issue": { "issue": "4", "published-print": { "date-parts": [ [ 2021, 4 ] ] } }, "language": "en", "license": [ { "URL": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor", "content-version": "vor", "delay-in-days": 0, "start": { "date-parts": [ [ 2020, 12, 29 ] ], "date-time": "2020-12-29T00:00:00Z", "timestamp": 1609200000000 } } ], "link": [ { "URL": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jmv.26726", "content-type": "application/pdf", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "text-mining" }, { "URL": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full-xml/10.1002/jmv.26726", "content-type": "application/xml", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "text-mining" }, { "URL": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jmv.26726", "content-type": "unspecified", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "similarity-checking" } ], "member": "311", "original-title": [], "page": "2359-2364", "prefix": "10.1002", "published": { "date-parts": [ [ 2020, 12, 29 ] ] }, "published-online": { "date-parts": [ [ 2020, 12, 29 ] ] }, "published-print": { "date-parts": [ [ 2021, 4 ] ] }, "publisher": "Wiley", "reference": [ { "DOI": "10.1186/s12942-020-00202-8", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_2_10_2_1" }, { "DOI": "10.1007/s40520-020-01570-8", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_2_10_3_1" }, { "DOI": "10.1017/S0007114520001749", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_2_10_4_1" }, { "DOI": "10.4049/jimmunol.0902840", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_2_10_5_1" }, { "article-title": "Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract infections: systematic review and meta‐analysis of individual participant data", "author": "Martineau AR", "first-page": "356", "journal-title": "BMJ", "key": "e_1_2_10_6_1", "year": "2017" }, { "article-title": "Self‐care for common colds: the pivotal role of vitamin D, vitamin C, zinc, and echinacea in three main immune interactive clusters (physical barriers, innate and adaptive immunity) involved during an episode of common colds—practical advice on dosages and on the time to take these nutrients/botanicals in order to prevent or treat common colds", "author": "Rondanelli M", "first-page": "5813095", "journal-title": "Evid Based Complement Alternat Med", "key": "e_1_2_10_7_1", "volume": "2018", "year": "2018" }, { "DOI": "10.1017/S0029665110001722", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_2_10_8_1" }, { "DOI": "10.1111/apm.12982", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_2_10_9_1" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/nu12040988", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_2_10_10_1" }, { "article-title": "Global epidemic of coronavirus—covid‐19: what can we do to minimize risks", "author": "Wimalawansa SJ", "first-page": "432", "journal-title": "Eur J Biomed", "key": "e_1_2_10_11_1", "volume": "7", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.2139/ssrn.3561958", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "e_1_2_10_12_1", "unstructured": "BraimanM. Latitude dependence of the COVID‐19 mortality rate—a possible relationship to vitamin D deficiency?2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1111/j.1442-200x.2005.02141.x", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_2_10_13_1" }, { "author": "Relkin N", "first-page": "A144", "key": "e_1_2_10_14_1", "volume-title": "Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIg) Treatment Causes Dose‐Dependent Alterations in Beta‐Amyloid (A beta) Levels and Anti‐Beta Antibody Titers in Plasma and Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients", "year": "2005" }, { "DOI": "10.1002/oby.22859", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_2_10_15_1" }, { "DOI": "10.1111/obr.13128", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_2_10_16_1" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/oby.2007.332", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_2_10_17_1" }, { "DOI": "10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00942.x", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_2_10_18_1" }, { "DOI": "10.1111/obr.13077", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_2_10_19_1" }, { "DOI": "10.1002/oby.22818", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_2_10_20_1" }, { "key": "e_1_2_10_21_1", "unstructured": "World Health Organization.Information note on COVID‐19 and NCDs.https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/covid-19-and-ncds. Accessed August 12 2020. " }, { "article-title": "Factors associated with hospital admission and critical illness among 5279 people with coronavirus disease 2019 in New York City: prospective cohort study", "author": "Petrilli CM", "first-page": "369", "journal-title": "BMJ", "key": "e_1_2_10_22_1", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/s41586-020-2521-4", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_2_10_23_1" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/ncpendmet0716", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_2_10_24_1" }, { "DOI": "10.1152/ajpendo.00138.2020", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_2_10_25_1" }, { "DOI": "10.1371/journal.pone.0239799", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_2_10_26_1" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.050", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_2_10_27_1" }, { "DOI": "10.2217/fmb.09.87", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_2_10_28_1" }, { "article-title": "Editorial–Vitamin D status: a key modulator of innate immunity and natural defense from acute viral respiratory infections", "author": "Fabbri A", "first-page": "4048", "journal-title": "Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci", "key": "e_1_2_10_29_1", "volume": "24", "year": "2020" }, { "article-title": "Calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D, is a promising candidate for COVID‐19 prophylaxis", "author": "Mok CK", "journal-title": "bioRxiv", "key": "e_1_2_10_30_1", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30268-0", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_2_10_31_1" }, { "DOI": "10.1186/s13098-020-00565-9", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_2_10_32_1" }, { "DOI": "10.1056/NEJMoa2002032", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_2_10_33_1" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_2_10_34_1" }, { "DOI": "10.1111/obr.13089", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_2_10_35_1" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.orcp.2020.07.007", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_2_10_36_1" }, { "DOI": "10.1002/oby.22831", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_2_10_37_1" }, { "DOI": "10.1080/17476348.2018.1506331", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_2_10_38_1" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/ijo.2012.62", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_2_10_39_1" }, { "DOI": "10.2500/aap.2018.39.4096", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_2_10_40_1" }, { "DOI": "10.1097/MD.0b013e3180421c16", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_2_10_41_1" }, { "DOI": "10.1056/NEJMoa2004500", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_2_10_42_1" }, { "DOI": "10.1001/jama.2020.5394", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_2_10_43_1" }, { "DOI": "10.1056/NEJMoa2001316", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_2_10_44_1" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_2_10_45_1" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61266-5", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_2_10_46_1" }, { "DOI": "10.1093/cid/cix1144", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_2_10_47_1" }, { "DOI": "10.1001/jama.2013.279206", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_2_10_48_1" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/0002-9343(91)90154-P", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_2_10_49_1" }, { "article-title": "Interpretation of CT signs of 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID‐19) pneumonia", "author": "Wu J", "first-page": "1", "journal-title": "Eur Radiol", "key": "e_1_2_10_50_1", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30086-4", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_2_10_51_1" } ], "reference-count": 50, "references-count": 50, "relation": {}, "resource": { "primary": { "URL": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmv.26726" } }, "score": 1, "short-title": [], "source": "Crossref", "subject": [ "Infectious Diseases", "Virology" ], "subtitle": [], "title": "The association between the level of serum 25(OH) vitamin D, obesity, and underlying diseases with the risk of developing COVID‐19 infection: A case–control study of hospitalized patients in Tehran, Iran", "type": "journal-article", "update-policy": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/crossmark_policy", "volume": "93" }