COVID-19 Outpatients – Early Risk-Stratified Treatment with Zinc Plus Low Dose Hydroxychloroquine and Azithromycin: A Retrospective Case Series Study

DOI record: { "DOI": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214", "ISSN": [ "0924-8579" ], "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214", "alternative-id": [ "S0924857920304258" ], "article-number": "106214", "assertion": [ { "label": "This article is maintained by", "name": "publisher", "value": "Elsevier" }, { "label": "Article Title", "name": "articletitle", "value": "COVID-19 outpatients: early risk-stratified treatment with zinc plus low-dose hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin: a retrospective case series study" }, { "label": "Journal Title", "name": "journaltitle", "value": "International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents" }, { "label": "CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version", "name": "articlelink", "value": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214" }, { "label": "Content Type", "name": "content_type", "value": "article" }, { "label": "Copyright", "name": "copyright", "value": "© 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd." } ], "author": [ { "affiliation": [], "family": "Derwand", "given": "Roland", "sequence": "first" }, { "ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7009-9988", "affiliation": [], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Scholz", "given": "Martin", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Zelenko", "given": "Vladimir", "sequence": "additional" } ], "container-title": "International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents", "container-title-short": "International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents", "content-domain": { "crossmark-restriction": true, "domain": [ "clinicalkey.fr", "clinicalkey.jp", "clinicalkey.es", "clinicalkey.com.au", "clinicalkey.com", "elsevier.com", "sciencedirect.com" ] }, "created": { "date-parts": [ [ 2020, 10, 26 ] ], "date-time": "2020-10-26T16:42:42Z", "timestamp": 1603730562000 }, "deposited": { "date-parts": [ [ 2022, 7, 3 ] ], "date-time": "2022-07-03T15:57:44Z", "timestamp": 1656863864000 }, "indexed": { "date-parts": [ [ 2024, 3, 1 ] ], "date-time": "2024-03-01T07:06:16Z", "timestamp": 1709276776168 }, "is-referenced-by-count": 79, "issue": "6", "issued": { "date-parts": [ [ 2020, 12 ] ] }, "journal-issue": { "issue": "6", "published-print": { "date-parts": [ [ 2020, 12 ] ] } }, "language": "en", "license": [ { "URL": "https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/", "content-version": "tdm", "delay-in-days": 0, "start": { "date-parts": [ [ 2020, 12, 1 ] ], "date-time": "2020-12-01T00:00:00Z", "timestamp": 1606780800000 } }, { "URL": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/", "content-version": "vor", "delay-in-days": 0, "start": { "date-parts": [ [ 2020, 10, 25 ] ], "date-time": "2020-10-25T00:00:00Z", "timestamp": 1603584000000 } } ], "link": [ { "URL": "https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0924857920304258?httpAccept=text/xml", "content-type": "text/xml", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "text-mining" }, { "URL": "https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0924857920304258?httpAccept=text/plain", "content-type": "text/plain", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "text-mining" } ], "member": "78", "original-title": [], "page": "106214", "prefix": "10.1016", "published": { "date-parts": [ [ 2020, 12 ] ] }, "published-print": { "date-parts": [ [ 2020, 12 ] ] }, "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "reference": [ { "DOI": "10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.004", "article-title": "The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak: what we know", "author": "Wu", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "44", "journal-title": "Int J Infect Dis", "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0001", "volume": "94", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.jacbts.2020.04.002", "article-title": "COVID-19 for the cardiologist: a current review of the virology, clinical epidemiology, cardiac and other clinical manifestations and potential therapeutic strategies", "author": "Atri", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "518", "journal-title": "JACC Basic Transl Sci", "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0002", "volume": "5", "year": "2020" }, { "article-title": "Hospitalization and 30-day fatality in 121,263 COVID-19 outpatient cases", "author": "Prieto-Alhambra", "journal-title": "medRxiv", "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0003", "volume": "8", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/S0196-0644(89)80213-6", "article-title": "Analysis of emergency department management of suspected bacterial meningitis", "author": "Talan", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "856", "journal-title": "Ann Emerg Med", "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0004", "volume": "18", "year": "1989" }, { "article-title": "Timing of antiviral treatment initiation is critical to reduce SARS-CoV-2 viral load", "author": "Gonçalves", "journal-title": "medRxiv", "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0005", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.healun.2020.03.012", "article-title": "COVID-19 illness in native and immunosuppressed states: a clinical-therapeutic staging proposal", "author": "Siddiqi", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "405", "journal-title": "J Heart Lung Transplant", "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0006", "volume": "39", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70267-6", "article-title": "Efficacy of oseltamivir treatment started within 5 days of symptom onset to reduce influenza illness duration and virus shedding in an urban setting in Bangladesh: a randomised placebo-controlled trial", "author": "Fry", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "109", "journal-title": "Lancet Infect Dis", "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0007", "volume": "14", "year": "2014" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101658", "article-title": "Repurposing antimalarials and other drugs for COVID-19", "author": "Schlagenhauf", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "journal-title": "Travel Med Infect Dis", "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0008", "volume": "34", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1177/0961203396005001131", "article-title": "The use of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine for non-infectious conditions other than rheumatoid arthritis or lupus: a critical review", "author": "Wallace", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "S59", "issue": "Suppl 1", "journal-title": "Lupus", "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0009", "volume": "5", "year": "1996" }, { "DOI": "10.1093/rheumatology/kex286", "article-title": "The British Society for Rheumatology guideline for the management of systemic lupus erythematosus in adults", "author": "Gordon", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "e1", "journal-title": "Rheumatology (Oxford)", "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0010", "volume": "57", "year": "2018" }, { "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0011", "series-title": "Model list of essential medicines", "year": "2020" }, { "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0012", "unstructured": "Kane S.P.Hydroxychloroquine sulfate. Drug usage statistics, United States, 2007–2017. ClinCalc DrugStats Database, Version 20.1.https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/HydroxychloroquineSulfate [accessed 23 May 2020]." }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949", "article-title": "Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial", "author": "Gautret", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "journal-title": "Int J Antimicrob Agents", "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0013", "volume": "56", "year": "2020" }, { "article-title": "Hydroxychloroquine in patients mainly with mild to moderate COVID-19: an open-label, randomized, controlled trial", "author": "Tang", "journal-title": "medRxiv", "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0014", "year": "2020" }, { "article-title": "A pilot study of hydroxychloroquine in treatment of patients with moderate COVID-19", "author": "Chen", "first-page": "215", "journal-title": "Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban", "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0015", "volume": "49", "year": "2020" }, { "article-title": "No evidence of clinical efficacy of hydroxychloroquine in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 infection with oxygen requirement: results of a study using routinely collected data to emulate a target trial", "author": "Mahevas", "journal-title": "medRxiv", "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0016", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31324-6", "article-title": "Retraction—Hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine with or without a macrolide for treatment of COVID-19: a multinational registry analysis", "author": "Mehra", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1820", "journal-title": "Lancet", "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0017", "volume": "395", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31290-3", "article-title": "Expression of concern: Hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine with or without a macrolide for treatment of COVID-19: a multinational registry analysis", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "E102", "journal-title": "Lancet", "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0018", "volume": "395", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.7150/ijbs.45498", "article-title": "Targeting the endocytic pathway and autophagy process as a novel therapeutic strategy in COVID-19", "author": "Yang", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1724", "journal-title": "Int J Biol Sci", "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0019", "volume": "16", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1371/journal.pone.0109180", "article-title": "Chloroquine is a zinc ionophore", "author": "Xue", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "journal-title": "PLoS One", "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0020", "volume": "9", "year": "2014" }, { "DOI": "10.1371/journal.ppat.1001176", "article-title": "Zn2+ inhibits coronavirus and arterivirus RNA polymerase activity in vitro and zinc ionophores block the replication of these viruses in cell culture", "author": "te Velthuis", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "journal-title": "PLoS Pathog", "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0021", "volume": "6", "year": "2010" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109815", "article-title": "Does zinc supplementation enhance the clinical efficacy of chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine to win today's battle against COVID-19?", "author": "Derwand", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "journal-title": "Med Hypotheses", "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0022", "volume": "142", "year": "2020" }, { "article-title": "Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin plus zinc vs hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin alone: outcomes in hospitalized COVID-19 patients", "author": "Carlucci", "journal-title": "medRxiv", "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0023", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1136/bmj.m2980", "article-title": "Drug treatments for COVID-19: living systematic review and network meta-analysis", "author": "Siemieniuk", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "m2980", "journal-title": "BMJ", "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0024", "volume": "370", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100709", "article-title": "Clinical efficacy of chloroquine derivatives in COVID-19 infection: comparative meta-analysis between the big data and the real world", "author": "Million", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "journal-title": "New Microbes New Infect", "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0025", "volume": "38", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1056/NEJMoa2016638", "article-title": "A randomized trial of hydroxychloroquine as postexposure prophylaxis for COVID-19", "author": "Boulware", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "517", "journal-title": "N Engl J Med", "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0026", "volume": "383", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30113-4", "article-title": "Viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in clinical samples", "author": "Pan", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "411", "journal-title": "Lancet Infect Dis", "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0027", "volume": "20", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e86", "article-title": "Viral load kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 infection in first two patients in Korea", "author": "Kim", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "e86", "journal-title": "J Korean Med Sci", "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0028", "volume": "35", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1056/NEJMc2001737", "article-title": "SARS-CoV-2 viral load in upper respiratory specimens of infected patients", "author": "Zou", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1177", "journal-title": "N Engl J Med", "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0029", "volume": "382", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5", "article-title": "Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China", "author": "Huang", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "497", "journal-title": "Lancet", "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0030", "volume": "395", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1001/jama.2020.1585", "article-title": "Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China", "author": "Wang", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1061", "journal-title": "JAMA", "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0031", "volume": "323", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1503/cmaj.091884", "article-title": "Correlates of severe disease in patients with 2009 pandemic influenza (H1N1) virus infection", "author": "Zarychanski", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "257", "journal-title": "CMAJ", "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0032", "volume": "182", "year": "2010" }, { "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0033", "series-title": "Influenza (flu). For clinicians: antiviral medication", "year": "2020" }, { "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0034", "series-title": "Managing people at high risk for severe varicella", "year": "2020" }, { "author": "Esper", "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0035", "series-title": "Empirical treatment with hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin for suspected cases of COVID-19 followed-up by telemedicine", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/s41533-019-0154-6", "article-title": "Primary care risk stratification in COPD using routinely collected data: a secondary data analysis", "author": "Johnson", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "42", "journal-title": "NPJ Prim Care Respir Med", "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0036", "volume": "29", "year": "2019" }, { "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0037", "series-title": "People at increased risk and other people who need to take extra precautions", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/S0895-4356(97)00306-5", "article-title": "Multimorbidity in general practice: prevalence, incidence, and determinants of co-occurring chronic and recurrent diseases", "author": "van den Akker", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "367", "journal-title": "J Clin Epidemiol", "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0038", "volume": "51", "year": "1998" }, { "article-title": "Case-fatality rate and characteristics of patients dying in relation to COVID-19 in Italy", "author": "Onder", "first-page": "1775", "journal-title": "JAMA", "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0039", "volume": "323", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.4103/sni.sni_447_17", "article-title": "What happened to ‘patient first’ and ‘do no harm’ medical principles?", "author": "Ghaly", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "176", "journal-title": "Surg Neurol Int", "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0040", "volume": "9", "year": "2018" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/s41421-020-0156-0", "article-title": "Hydroxychloroquine, a less toxic derivative of chloroquine, is effective in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro", "author": "Liu", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "16", "journal-title": "Cell Discov", "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0041", "volume": "6", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1093/cid/ciaa237", "article-title": "In vitro antiviral activity and projection of optimized dosing design of hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)", "author": "Yao", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "732", "journal-title": "Clin Infect Dis", "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0042", "volume": "71", "year": "2020" }, { "article-title": "Efficacy of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of COVID-19", "author": "Meo", "first-page": "4539", "journal-title": "Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci", "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0043", "volume": "24", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1111/j.1365-2125.1989.tb03439.x", "article-title": "Bioavailability of hydroxychloroquine tablets in healthy volunteers", "author": "Tett", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "771", "journal-title": "Br J Clin Pharmacol", "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0044", "volume": "27", "year": "1989" }, { "DOI": "10.1093/ajcn/85.3.837", "article-title": "Zinc supplementation decreases incidence of infections in the elderly: effect of zinc on generation of cytokines and oxidative stress", "author": "Prasad", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "837", "journal-title": "Am J Clin Nutr", "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0045", "volume": "85", "year": "2007" }, { "DOI": "10.1093/advances/nmz013", "article-title": "The role of zinc in antiviral immunity", "author": "Read", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "696", "journal-title": "Adv Nutr", "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0046", "volume": "10", "year": "2019" }, { "DOI": "10.1074/jbc.M400338200", "article-title": "Furin inhibition by compounds of copper and zinc", "author": "Podsiadlo", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "36219", "journal-title": "J Biol Chem", "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0047", "volume": "279", "year": "2004" }, { "DOI": "10.1007/s00428-004-1198-7", "article-title": "Immunohistochemical localization of subtilisin/kexin-like proprotein convertases in human atherosclerosis", "author": "Stawowy", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "351", "journal-title": "Virchows Arch", "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0048", "volume": "446", "year": "2005" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104742", "article-title": "The spike glycoprotein of the new coronavirus 2019-nCoV contains a furin-like cleavage site absent in CoV of the same clade", "author": "Coutard", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "journal-title": "Antiviral Res", "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0049", "volume": "176", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.1407087111", "article-title": "Host cell entry of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus after two-step, furin-mediated activation of the spike protein", "author": "Millet", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "15214", "journal-title": "Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A", "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0050", "volume": "111", "year": "2014" }, { "DOI": "10.1074/jbc.M703847200", "article-title": "Targeting host cell furin proprotein convertases as a therapeutic strategy against bacterial toxins and viral pathogens", "author": "Shiryaev", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "20847", "journal-title": "J Biol Chem", "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0051", "volume": "282", "year": "2007" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104228", "article-title": "In vitro testing of combined hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin on SARS-CoV-2 shows synergistic effect", "author": "Andreani", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "journal-title": "Microb Pathog", "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0052", "volume": "145", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1093/jn/132.11.3422", "article-title": "Mineral intakes of elderly adult supplement and non-supplement users in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey", "author": "Ervin", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "3422", "journal-title": "J Nutr", "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0053", "volume": "132", "year": "2002" }, { "DOI": "10.1080/07315724.2001.10719034", "article-title": "Potential antioxidant effects of zinc and chromium supplementation in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus", "author": "Anderson", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "212", "journal-title": "J Am Coll Nutr", "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0054", "volume": "20", "year": "2001" }, { "DOI": "10.1111/ijcp.12040", "article-title": "Pharmaco-nutrient interactions—a systematic review of zinc and antihypertensive therapy", "author": "Braun", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "717", "journal-title": "Int J Clin Pract", "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0055", "volume": "67", "year": "2013" }, { "article-title": "Safety of hydroxychloroquine, alone and in combination with azithromycin, in light of rapid wide-spread use for COVID-19: a multinational, network cohort and self-controlled case series study", "author": "Lane", "journal-title": "medRxiv", "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0056", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1001/jama.2020.6775", "article-title": "Presenting characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes among 5700 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the New York City Area", "author": "Richardson", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "2052", "journal-title": "JAMA", "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0057", "volume": "323", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1177/0145561320920762", "article-title": "Clinical presentation of COVID-19: a systematic review focusing on upper airway symptoms", "author": "Lovato", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "569", "journal-title": "Ear Nose Throat J", "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0058", "volume": "99", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1136/bmj.m1091", "article-title": "Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with coronavirus disease 2019: retrospective study", "author": "Chen", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "m1091", "journal-title": "BMJ", "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0059", "volume": "368", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1093/cid/ciaa330", "article-title": "Self-reported olfactory and taste disorders in SARS-CoV-2 patients: a cross-sectional study", "author": "Giacomelli", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "889", "journal-title": "Clin Infect Dis", "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0060", "volume": "71", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101738", "article-title": "Early treatment of COVID-19 patients with hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin: a retrospective analysis of 1061 cases in Marseille, France", "author": "Million", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "journal-title": "Travel Med Infect Dis", "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0061", "volume": "35", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1056/NEJMoa2012410", "article-title": "Observational study of hydroxychloroquine in hospitalized patients with COVID-19", "author": "Geleris", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "2411", "journal-title": "N Engl J Med", "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0062", "volume": "382", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1093/aje/kwaa093", "article-title": "Early outpatient treatment of symptomatic, high-risk COVID-19 patients that should be ramped-up immediately as key to the pandemic crisis", "author": "Risch", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "journal-title": "Am J Epidemiol", "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0063", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1007/s11427-020-1732-2", "article-title": "Low dose of hydroxychloroquine reduces fatality of critically ill patients with COVID-19", "author": "Yu", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1515", "journal-title": "Sci China Life Sci", "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0064", "volume": "63", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1186/ar3868", "article-title": "Hydroxychloroquine improves insulin sensitivity in obese non-diabetic individuals", "author": "Mercer", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "R135", "journal-title": "Arthritis Res Ther", "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0065", "volume": "14", "year": "2012" }, { "DOI": "10.1185/03007995.2014.909393", "article-title": "Efficacy and safety of hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a double blind, randomized comparison with pioglitazone", "author": "Pareek", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1257", "journal-title": "Curr Med Res Opin", "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0066", "volume": "30", "year": "2014" }, { "DOI": "10.2174/1573399815666190425182008", "article-title": "Real-world clinical effectiveness and tolerability of hydroxychloroquine 400 mg in uncontrolled type 2 diabetes subjects who are not willing to initiate insulin therapy (HYQ-Real-World Study)", "author": "Gupta", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "510", "journal-title": "Curr Diabetes Rev", "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0067", "volume": "15", "year": "2019" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30229-0", "article-title": "Management of acute kidney injury in patients with COVID-19", "author": "Ronco", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "738", "journal-title": "Lancet Respir Med", "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0068", "volume": "8", "year": "2020" }, { "key": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214_bib0069", "series-title": "Plaquenil drug monograph", "year": "2017" } ], "reference-count": 69, "references-count": 69, "relation": { "has-preprint": [ { "asserted-by": "object", "id": "10.20944/preprints202007.0025.v1", "id-type": "doi" } ] }, "resource": { "primary": { "URL": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0924857920304258" } }, "score": 1, "short-title": [], "source": "Crossref", "subject": [ "Pharmacology (medical)", "Infectious Diseases", "Microbiology (medical)", "General Medicine" ], "subtitle": [], "title": "COVID-19 outpatients: early risk-stratified treatment with zinc plus low-dose hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin: a retrospective case series study", "type": "journal-article", "update-policy": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/elsevier_cm_policy", "volume": "56" }