Vitamin D Levels among Hospitalized and Non-Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients in Dr. M. Djamil General Hospital Padang

DOI record: { "DOI": "10.24018/ejmed.2021.3.6.1131", "ISSN": [ "2593-8339" ], "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejmed.2021.3.6.1131", "abstract": "<jats:p>Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) causes immune system dysregulation and an exaggerated systemic inflammatory response. Vitamin D acts as an immunomodulator that enhances the immunity defense. Low levels of vitamin D affect the severity of COVID-19 infection. This study aims to determine vitamin D levels in hospitalized and non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients. A case-control study was conducted involving 62 COVID-19 patients, equally divided into hospitalized and non-hospitalized groups at RSUP dr. M. Djamil, Padang from February to September 2020. Serum vitamin D levels were measured using the Chemiluminescent Microparticle Immunoassay. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as a level less than 20 ng/mL. The hospitalized group consisted of moderate to critical COVID-19 patients, whereas the non-hospitalized group consisted of the asymptomatic and mild COVID-19 patients according to the Indonesian Ministry of Health Guidelines. All data were analyzed using a T-test and Chi-square with a significant p-value of 0.05. The results showed that most subjects were women between 21–60 years. The mean level of vitamin D (ng/mL) in the hospitalized group was lower than in the non-hospitalized group (15.5 ± 7.72 vs. 19.2 ± 14.30; 95% CI -9.509–2.167; p=0.213). Vitamin D deficiency affected hospitalized group more than the non-hospitalized group, but not statistically significant (71% vs. 64.5%, p=0.566). It indicated the role of vitamin D in preventing immune system hyperactivation causing COVID-19 cytokine storm. This study concluded no difference in vitamin D levels among the study groups. Nevertheless, further research on vitamin D is needed to determine its role and benefits against COVID-19 infection.</jats:p>", "author": [ { "affiliation": [], "family": "Putra", "given": "Harika", "sequence": "first" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Efrida", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Yaswir", "given": "Rismawati", "sequence": "additional" } ], "container-title": "European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences", "container-title-short": "EJMED", "content-domain": { "crossmark-restriction": false, "domain": [] }, "created": { "date-parts": [ [ 2022, 1, 6 ] ], "date-time": "2022-01-06T13:59:59Z", "timestamp": 1641477599000 }, "deposited": { "date-parts": [ [ 2022, 1, 6 ] ], "date-time": "2022-01-06T14:00:15Z", "timestamp": 1641477615000 }, "indexed": { "date-parts": [ [ 2022, 3, 30 ] ], "date-time": "2022-03-30T04:15:35Z", "timestamp": 1648613735423 }, "is-referenced-by-count": 0, "issue": "6", "issued": { "date-parts": [ [ 2021, 12, 10 ] ] }, "journal-issue": { "issue": "6", "published-online": { "date-parts": [ [ 2021, 11, 1 ] ] } }, "license": [ { "URL": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "content-version": "unspecified", "delay-in-days": 0, "start": { "date-parts": [ [ 2021, 12, 10 ] ], "date-time": "2021-12-10T00:00:00Z", "timestamp": 1639094400000 } } ], "link": [ { "URL": "https://www.ej-med.org/index.php/ejmed/article/download/1131/678", "content-type": "application/pdf", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "text-mining" }, { "URL": "https://www.ej-med.org/index.php/ejmed/article/download/1131/678", "content-type": "unspecified", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "similarity-checking" } ], "member": "10105", "original-title": [], "page": "78-81", "prefix": "10.24018", "published": { "date-parts": [ [ 2021, 12, 10 ] ] }, "published-online": { "date-parts": [ [ 2021, 12, 10 ] ] }, "publisher": "European Open Science Publishing", "reference": [ { "DOI": "10.1016/j.jiph.2020.06.021", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "17183", "unstructured": "Ali N. 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