Vitamin D supplementation and Covid‐19 outcomes: A systematic review, meta‐analysis and meta‐regression
Timotius Ivan Hariyanto, Denny Intan, Joshua Edward Hananto, Harapan Harapan, Andree Kurniawan
Reviews in Medical Virology, doi:10.1002/rmv.2269
Vitamin D has many protective properties and potential role against acute lung injury. Low serum vitamin D is associated with high risk of pneumonia and development of acute respiratory distress syndrome. This study sought to analyse the efficacy of vitamin D in improving the outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) patients. Using specific keywords, we comprehensively searched the potential articles on PubMed, Europe PMC and ClinicalTrials.gov database until 8th May 2021. All published studies on Covid-19 and vitamin D were retrieved. Statistical analysis was conducted using Review Manager 5.4 software. A total of 11 studies with 22,265 Covid-19 patients were included in the meta-analysis. Our data suggested that vitamin D supplementation was associated with reduction in intensive care unit admission rate (OR 0.27; 95% CI: 0.09-0.76, p = 0.010, I 2 = 70%, random-effect modelling); reduction of the need for mechanical ventilation (OR 0.34; 95% CI: 0.16-0.72, p = 0.005, I 2 = 61%, random-effect modelling) and reduction of mortality from Covid-19 (OR 0.37; 95% CI: 0.21-0.66, p < 0.001, I 2 = 50%, random-effect modelling). Further analysis showed that the associations were influenced by age (p = 0.020). Our study suggests that vitamin D supplementation may offer beneficial effects on Covid-19 outcomes. However, more randomized clinical trials are required to confirm this conclusion. K E Y W O R D S coronavirus disease 2019, Covid-19, vitamin D 1 | INTRODUCTION Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection continues to spread globally causing a pandemic and has become a major medical focus for the last couple of years. The pandemic has involved over 164 million confirmed cases, with more than 3.4 million deaths as of 23 May 2021. 1 While some SARS-CoV-2 infections appear as mild upper respiratory symptoms and may be self-limiting, notable numbers of patients require hospitalizations and intensive treatment following progression into a more severe cases,
CONFLICT OF INTEREST The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTION
Conceptualization
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