SAFEty Study of Early Infusion of Vitamin C for Treatment of Novel Coronavirus Acute Lung Injury (SAFE EVICT CORONA-ALI)

Fowler et al., NCT04344184, SAFE EVICT CORONA-ALI, NCT04344184, Apr 2024
Mortality 19% improvement lower risk ← → higher risk WHO status -2% Vitamin C  SAFE EVICT CORONA-ALI  ICU PATIENTS  RCT Is very late treatment with vitamin C beneficial for COVID-19? Double-blind RCT 47 patients in the USA Trial underpowered to detect differences c19early.org Fowler et al., NCT04344184, April 2024 0 0.5 1 1.5 2+ RR
Vitamin C for COVID-19
6th treatment shown to reduce risk in September 2020, now with p = 0.00000002 from 75 studies, recognized in 22 countries.
Lower risk for mortality, ICU, hospitalization, and recovery.
No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols combine treatments.
6,200+ studies for 200+ treatments. c19early.org
RCT 47 ICU patients showing no significant differences with vitamin C treatment.
Although the 19% lower mortality is not statistically significant, it is consistent with the significant 20% lower mortality [10‑28%] from meta analysis of the 46 mortality results to date.
This is the 21st COVID-19 RCT for vitamin C, which collectively show efficacy with p=0.0012.
This is the 70th of 75 COVID-19 controlled studies for vitamin C, which collectively show efficacy with p=0.00000002 (1 in 50 million).
Standard of Care (SOC) for COVID-19 in the study country, the USA, is very poor with very low average efficacy for approved treatments1. Only expensive, high-profit treatments were approved for early treatment. Low-cost treatments were excluded, reducing the probability of early treatment due to access and cost barriers, and eliminating complementary and synergistic benefits seen with many low-cost treatments. This may explain in part the very high mortality seen in this study. Results may differ in countries with improved SOC.
This study is excluded in the after exclusion results of meta analysis: very late stage, ICU patients.
risk of death, 18.8% lower, RR 0.81, p = 0.75, treatment 5 of 22 (22.7%), control 7 of 25 (28.0%), NNT 19.
relative WHO status, 1.7% worse, RR 1.02, p = 0.28, treatment mean 3.05 (±0.22) n=21, control mean 3.0 (±0.0) n=23, day 27.
Effect extraction follows pre-specified rules prioritizing more serious outcomes. Submit updates
Fowler et al., 4 Apr 2024, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, USA, preprint, 1 author, trial NCT04344184 (history) (SAFE EVICT CORONA-ALI).
$0 $500 $1,000+ Efficacy vs. cost for COVID-19 treatment protocols c19early.org November 2025 USA Russia Sudan Angola Colombia Kenya Mozambique Vietnam Peru Philippines Spain Brazil Italy France Japan Canada China Uzbekistan Nepal Ethiopia Iran Ghana Mexico South Korea Germany Bangladesh Saudi Arabia Algeria Morocco Yemen Poland India DR Congo Madagascar Thailand Uganda Venezuela Nigeria Egypt Bolivia Taiwan Zambia Fiji Bosnia-Herzegovina Ukraine Côte d'Ivoire Bulgaria Greece Slovakia Singapore Iceland New Zealand Czechia Mongolia Israel Trinidad and Tobago Hong Kong North Macedonia Belarus Qatar Panama Serbia CAR USA favored high-profit treatments.The average efficacy of treatments was very low.High-cost protocols reduce early treatment, andforgo complementary/synergistic benefits. More effective More expensive 75% 50% 25% ≤0%
$0 $500 $1,000+ Efficacy vs. cost for COVID-19treatment protocols worldwide c19early.org November 2025 USA Russia Sudan Angola Colombia Kenya Mozambique Vietnam Peru Philippines Spain Brazil Italy France Japan Canada China Uzbekistan Nepal Ethiopia Iran Ghana Mexico South Korea Germany Bangladesh Saudi Arabia Algeria Morocco Yemen Poland India DR Congo Madagascar Thailand Uganda Venezuela Nigeria Egypt Bolivia Taiwan Zambia Fiji Ukraine Côte d'Ivoire Eritrea Bulgaria Greece Slovakia Singapore New Zealand Malawi Czechia Mongolia Israel Trinidad and Tobago North Macedonia Belarus Qatar Panama Serbia Syria USA favored high-profit treatments.The average efficacy was very low.High-cost protocols reduce early treatment,and forgo complementary/synergistic benefits. More effective More expensive 75% 50% 25% ≤0%
Late treatment
is less effective
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. c19early involves the extraction of 200,000+ datapoints from thousands of papers. Community updates help ensure high accuracy. Treatments and other interventions are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. IMA and WCH provide treatment protocols.
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