c19early.org COVID-19 treatment researchCOVID-19 treatments

SAFEty Study of Early Infusion of Vitamin C for Treatment of Novel Coronavirus Acute Lung Injury (SAFE EVICT CORONA-ALI)

Fowler et al., NCT04344184, SAFE EVICT CORONA-ALI, NCT04344184, Apr 2024

Vitamin C for COVID-19

6th treatment shown to reduce risk in September 2020, now with p = 0.000000069 from 72 studies, recognized in 22 countries.
Lower risk for mortality, ICU, hospitalization, and recovery.

No treatment is 100% effective.
Protocols combine treatments.

6,700+ studies · 220+ treatments

c19early.org
Meta-analysis
RCT 47 ICU patients showing no significant differences with vitamin C treatment.
Although the 19% lower mortality is not statistically significant, it is consistent with the significant 19% lower mortality [9‑27%] from meta-analysis of the 44 mortality results to date.
This is the 20th COVID-19 RCT for vitamin C, which collectively show efficacy with p=0.0016.
This is the 67th of 72 COVID-19 controlled studies for vitamin C, which collectively show efficacy with p=0.000000069.
Standard of Care (SOC) for COVID-19 in the study country, the USA, is very poor with very low average efficacy for approved treatments1. Only expensive, high-profit treatments were approved for early treatment. Low-cost treatments were excluded, reducing the probability of early treatment due to access and cost barriers, and eliminating complementary and synergistic benefits seen with many low-cost treatments. This may explain in part the very high mortality seen in this study. Results may differ in countries with improved SOC.
This study is excluded in the after exclusion results of meta-analysis: very late stage, ICU patients.
Important missing comments or errors? Let us know.
OutcomeImprovementEffect · pTreatmentControl
risk of death 18.8% lower · RR 0.81 · p = 0.75 18.8% lowerRR 0.81p = 0.75 5 of 22 (22.7%) 7 of 25 (28.0%) treatment 5 of 22 (22.7%), control 7 of 25 (28.0%)NNT 19
relative WHO status 1.7% higher · RR 1.02 · p = 0.28 1.7% higherRR 1.02p = 0.28 mean 3.05 (±0.22) n=21 mean 3.0 (±0.0) n=23 mean 3.05 (±0.22) n=21, mean 3.0 (±0.0) n=23day 27

Effect extraction follows pre-specified rules prioritizing more serious outcomes. Submit updates.

Fowler et al., 4 Apr 2024, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, USA, preprint, 1 author, trial NCT04344184 (history) (SAFE EVICT CORONA-ALI).
$0 $500 $1,000+ Efficacy vs. cost for COVID-19 treatment protocols c19early.org November 2026 USA Angola Colombia Kenya Mozambique Myanmar South Africa Peru Philippines Vietnam Japan Argentina Nepal Iran Bangladesh Ethiopia Ghana Germany Mexico South Korea United Kingdom Saudi Arabia Algeria Morocco Yemen Poland Uzbekistan India China Venezuela DR Congo Madagascar Thailand Uganda Egypt Nigeria Taiwan Fiji Zambia Bosnia-Herzegovina Jordan Georgia Switzerland Dominican Republic Bolivia Côte d'Ivoire Eritrea Togo Bulgaria Greece Slovakia Iceland New Zealand Trinidad and Tobago Mongolia Czechia Belarus Israel Haiti North Macedonia Hong Kong Qatar Panama Serbia USA favored high-profit treatments.The average efficacy of treatments was very low.High-cost protocols reduce early treatment, andforgo complementary/synergistic benefits. More effective More expensive 75% 50% 25% ≤0%
$0 $500 $1,000+ Efficacy vs. cost for COVID-19treatment protocols worldwide c19early.org November 2026 USA Angola Colombia Kenya Mozambique Myanmar South Africa Peru Philippines Vietnam Japan Argentina Nepal Iran Bangladesh Ethiopia Ghana Germany Mexico South Korea United Kingdom Saudi Arabia Algeria Morocco Yemen Poland Uzbekistan India China Venezuela DR Congo Madagascar Thailand Uganda Egypt Taiwan Fiji Zambia Jordan Georgia Switzerland Dominican Rep. Bolivia Côte d'Ivoire Eritrea Togo Sri Lanka Bulgaria Greece Slovakia New Zealand Trinidad and Tobago Mongolia Czechia Belarus Israel North Macedonia Hong Kong Qatar Panama Serbia USA favored high-profit treatments.The average efficacy was very low.High-cost protocols reduce early treatment,and forgo complementary/synergistic benefits. More effective More expensive 75% 50% 25% ≤0%
Late treatment
is less effective