Abstract: RESEARCH Sonja H Brunvoll,1 Anders B Nygaard,1 Merete Ellingjord-Dale,1 Petter Holland,1 Mette Stausland Istre,1 Karl Trygve Kalleberg,2 Camilla L Søraas,3 Kirsten B Holven,4,5 Stine M Ulven,4 Anette Hjartåker,4 Trond Haider,6 Fridtjof Lund-Johansen,7 John Arne Dahl,1 Haakon E Meyer,8,9 Arne Søraas1 For numbered affiliations see end of the article Correspondence to: A Søraas arne@meg.no (ORCID 0000-0003-1622-591X) Additional material is published online only. To view please visit the journal online. Cite this as: BMJ 2022;378:e071245 http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ bmj‑2022‑071245 Accepted: 19 July 2022 Abstract Objective To determine if daily supplementation with cod liver oil, a low dose vitamin D supplement, in winter, prevents SARS-CoV-2 infection, serious covid-19, or other acute respiratory infections in adults in Norway. Design Quadruple blinded, randomised placebo controlled trial. Setting Norway, 10 November 2020 to 2 June 2021. Participants 34 601 adults (aged 18-75 years), not taking daily vitamin D supplements. Intervention 5 mL/day of cod liver oil (10 µg of vitamin D, n=17 278) or placebo (n=17 323) for up to six months. Main outcome measures Four co-primary endpoints were predefined: the first was a positive SARS-CoV-2 test result determined by reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and the second was serious covid-19, defined as self-reported dyspnoea, admission to hospital, or death. Other acute respiratory infections were indicated by the third and fourth co-primary endpoints: a negative SARS-CoV-2 test result and self-reported symptoms. Side effects related to the supplementation were self-reported. The fallback method was used to handle multiple comparisons. What is already known on this topic Vitamin D has been suggested as having a role in the prevention of covid-19, but most studies have been observational A recent meta-analysis of 46 randomised controlled trials showed that vitamin D supplementation decreased the risk of acute respiratory infections compared with placebo, but the effect was small What this study adds Of 34 601 unselected adult participants, no difference in the incidence of SARSCoV-2 infection, serious covid-19, or acute respiratory infections was found for those randomised to daily supplements of low dose vitamin D (cod liver oil) or placebo (corn oil) during the winter The cod liver oil and placebo group had similar side effects, and only low grade side effects were reported the bmj | BMJ 2022;378:e071245 | doi: 10.1136/bmj-2022-071245 Results Supplementation with cod liver oil was not associated with a reduced risk of any of the co-primary endpoints. Participants took the supplement (cod liver oil or placebo) for a median of 164 days, and 227 (1.31%) participants in the cod liver oil group and 228 (1.32%) participants in the placebo group had a positive SARS-CoV-2 test result (relative risk 1.00, multiple comparison adjusted confidence interval 0.82 to 1.22). Serious covid-19 was identified in 121 (0.70%) participants in the cod liver oil group and in 101 (0.58%) participants in the placebo group (1.20, 0.87 to 1.65). 8546 (49.46%) and 8565 (49.44%) participants in the cod liver oil and placebo groups, respectively, had ≥1 negative SARS-CoV-2 test results (1.00, 0.97 to 1.04). 3964 (22.94%) and 3834 (22.13%) participants in the cod liver oil and placebo groups, respectively, reported ≥1 acute respiratory infections (1.04, 0.97 to 1.11). Only low grade side effects were..