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Association between vitamin D deficiency and post-acute outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection

Wu et al., European Journal of Nutrition, doi:10.1007/s00394-023-03298-3
Dec 2023  
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Mortality 43% Improvement Relative Risk Hospitalization 19% ER visit 10% PASC -2% Vitamin D for COVID-19  Wu et al.  Sufficiency Are vitamin D levels associated with COVID-19 outcomes? PSM retrospective 42,674 patients in multiple countries (Jan - Nov 2022) Lower mortality (p=0.0052) and hospitalization (p=0.00017) c19early.org Wu et al., European J. Nutrition, December 2023 Favorsvitamin D Favorscontrol 0 0.5 1 1.5 2+
Vitamin D for COVID-19
8th treatment shown to reduce risk in October 2020, now with p < 0.00000000001 from 122 studies, recognized in 9 countries.
No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols combine treatments.
5,100+ studies for 112 treatments. c19early.org
TriNetX PSM retrospective 42,674 COVID-19 outpatients, showing higher mortality and hospitalization with vitamin D deficiency.
This is the 191st of 211 COVID-19 sufficiency studies for vitamin D, which collectively show higher levels reduce risk with p<0.0000000001 (1 in 248,027,826 vigintillion).
risk of death, 42.8% lower, HR 0.57, p = 0.005, high D levels (≥20 ng/mL) 8,300, low D levels (<20 ng/mL) 8,300, inverted to make HR<1 favor high D levels (≥20 ng/mL), propensity score matching.
risk of hospitalization, 18.7% lower, HR 0.81, p < 0.001, high D levels (≥20 ng/mL) 8,300, low D levels (<20 ng/mL) 8,300, inverted to make HR<1 favor high D levels (≥20 ng/mL), propensity score matching.
ER visit, 10.2% lower, HR 0.90, p = 0.03, high D levels (≥20 ng/mL) 8,300, low D levels (<20 ng/mL) 8,300, inverted to make HR<1 favor high D levels (≥20 ng/mL), propensity score matching.
risk of PASC, 2.0% higher, HR 1.02, p = 0.93, high D levels (≥20 ng/mL) 8,300, low D levels (<20 ng/mL) 8,300, inverted to make HR<1 favor high D levels (≥20 ng/mL), propensity score matching.
Effect extraction follows pre-specified rules prioritizing more serious outcomes. Submit updates
Wu et al., 19 Dec 2023, retrospective, multiple countries, peer-reviewed, 9 authors, study period 1 January, 2022 - 30 November, 2022.
This PaperVitamin DAll
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J Nutr ' '147(5):858–868. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.116.244079', 'journal-title': 'J Nutr'}, { 'key': '3298_CR44', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'unstructured': "O'Neill CM, Kazantzidis A, Ryan MJ, Barber N, Sempos CT, Durazo-Arvizu " 'RA, Jorde R, Grimnes G, Eiriksdottir G, Gudnason V, Cotch MF, Kiely M, ' 'Webb AR, Cashman KD (2016) Seasonal Changes in Vitamin D-Effective UVB ' 'Availability in Europe and Associations with Population Serum ' '25-Hydroxyvitamin D. Nutrients 8 (9). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8090533', 'DOI': '10.3390/nu8090533'}, { 'issue': '3', 'key': '3298_CR45', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '266', 'DOI': '10.1056/NEJMra070553', 'volume': '357', 'author': 'MF Holick', 'year': '2007', 'unstructured': 'Holick MF (2007) Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med 357(3):266–281. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra070553', 'journal-title': 'N Engl J Med'}, { 'issue': '6', 'key': '3298_CR46', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028355', 'volume': '9', 'author': 'FL Crowe', 'year': '2019', 'unstructured': 'Crowe FL, Jolly K, MacArthur C, Manaseki-Holland S, Gittoes N, Hewison ' 'M, Scragg R, Nirantharakumar K (2019) Trends in the incidence of testing ' 'for vitamin D deficiency in primary care in the UK: a retrospective ' 'analysis of The Health Improvement Network (THIN), 2005–2015. BMJ Open ' '9(6):e028355. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028355', 'journal-title': 'BMJ Open'}, { 'issue': '1', 'key': '3298_CR47', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '14', 'DOI': '10.1007/s00223-019-00559-4', 'volume': '106', 'author': 'KD Cashman', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Cashman KD (2020) Vitamin D deficiency: defining, prevalence, causes, ' 'and strategies of addressing. Calcif Tissue Int 106(1):14–29. 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Am J ' 'Clin Nutr 103(4):1033–1044. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.115.120873', 'journal-title': 'Am J Clin Nutr'}, { 'issue': '5', 'key': '3298_CR49', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1051', 'DOI': '10.3945/jn.115.227728', 'volume': '146', 'author': 'RL Schleicher', 'year': '2016', 'unstructured': 'Schleicher RL, Sternberg MR, Looker AC, Yetley EA, Lacher DA, Sempos CT, ' 'Taylor CL, Durazo-Arvizu RA, Maw KL, Chaudhary-Webb M, Johnson CL, ' 'Pfeiffer CM (2016) National Estimates of Serum Total 25-Hydroxyvitamin D ' 'and Metabolite Concentrations Measured by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem ' 'Mass Spectrometry in the US Population during 2007–2010. J Nutr ' '146(5):1051–1061. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.115.227728', 'journal-title': 'J Nutr'}, { 'issue': '5', 'key': '3298_CR50', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1044', 'DOI': '10.3945/ajcn.114.103689', 'volume': '102', 'author': 'K Sarafin', 'year': '2015', 'unstructured': 'Sarafin K, Durazo-Arvizu R, Tian L, Phinney KW, Tai S, Camara JE, Merkel ' 'J, Green E, Sempos CT, Brooks SP (2015) Standardizing 25-hydroxyvitamin ' 'D values from the Canadian Health Measures Survey. Am J Clin Nutr ' '102(5):1044–1050. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.114.103689', 'journal-title': 'Am J Clin Nutr'}, { 'issue': '1', 'key': '3298_CR51', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '19823', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41598-022-21513-9', 'volume': '12', 'author': 'NM Nielsen', 'year': '2022', 'unstructured': 'Nielsen NM, Junker TG, Boelt SG, Cohen AS, Munger KL, Stenager E, ' 'Ascherio A, Boding L, Hviid A (2022) Vitamin D status and severity of ' 'COVID-19. Sci Rep 12(1):19823. 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J Infect Dis ' '226(9):1593–1607. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiac136', 'journal-title': 'J Infect Dis'}], 'container-title': 'European Journal of Nutrition', 'original-title': [], 'language': 'en', 'link': [ { 'URL': 'https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00394-023-03298-3.pdf', 'content-type': 'application/pdf', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'text-mining'}, { 'URL': 'https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00394-023-03298-3/fulltext.html', 'content-type': 'text/html', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'text-mining'}, { 'URL': 'https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00394-023-03298-3.pdf', 'content-type': 'application/pdf', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'similarity-checking'}], 'deposited': { 'date-parts': [[2023, 12, 19]], 'date-time': '2023-12-19T15:06:48Z', 'timestamp': 1702998408000}, 'score': 1, 'resource': {'primary': {'URL': 'https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00394-023-03298-3'}}, 'subtitle': [], 'short-title': [], 'issued': {'date-parts': [[2023, 12, 19]]}, 'references-count': 52, 'alternative-id': ['3298'], 'URL': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00394-023-03298-3', 'relation': {}, 'ISSN': ['1436-6207', '1436-6215'], 'subject': ['Nutrition and Dietetics', 'Medicine (miscellaneous)'], 'container-title-short': 'Eur J Nutr', 'published': {'date-parts': [[2023, 12, 19]]}, 'assertion': [ { 'value': '1 August 2023', 'order': 1, 'name': 'received', 'label': 'Received', 'group': {'name': 'ArticleHistory', 'label': 'Article History'}}, { 'value': '28 November 2023', 'order': 2, 'name': 'accepted', 'label': 'Accepted', 'group': {'name': 'ArticleHistory', 'label': 'Article History'}}, { 'value': '19 December 2023', 'order': 3, 'name': 'first_online', 'label': 'First Online', 'group': {'name': 'ArticleHistory', 'label': 'Article History'}}, {'order': 1, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Declaration'}}, { 'value': 'The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests.', 'order': 2, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Conflict of interest'}}]}
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Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. c19early involves the extraction of 100,000+ datapoints from thousands of papers. Community updates help ensure high accuracy. Treatments and other interventions are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. FLCCC and WCH provide treatment protocols.
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