Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms Related to Vitamin D Metabolism and Severity or Mortality of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Regina da Silva Correa da Ronda et al., Gene, doi:10.1016/j.gene.2024.148236, Feb 2024

Vitamin D for COVID-19

8th treatment shown to reduce risk in October 2020, now with p < 0.0000000001 from 138 studies, recognized in 18 countries.

No treatment is 100% effective.
Protocols combine treatments.

Systematic review and meta analysis of 12 studies examining associations between 31 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related to four vitamin D metabolism genes (VDR, GC, DHCR7, CYP2R1) and COVID-19 severity or mortality. Meta-analysis showed the VDR rs1544410 genotype and b allele were associated with increased odds of developing severe/critical COVID-19. Several VDR SNPs (rs731236, rs1544410, rs7975232, rs2228570) were associated with increased COVID-19 mortality.
22 meta-analyses show significant improvements with vitamin D treatment for mortality1-15, mechanical ventilation1,5,6,11,16-18, ICU admission1,3,5,6,9,11,13,15-21, hospitalization11, severity2,4,5,10,22, and cases7,20,22.
Currently there are 138 vitamin D treatment for COVID-19 studies, showing 39% lower mortality [32‑45%], 17% lower ventilation [-5‑35%], 45% lower ICU admission [28‑57%], 22% lower hospitalization [13‑30%], and 18% fewer cases [10‑25%].
Regina da Silva Correa da Ronda et al., 3 Feb 2024, peer-reviewed, 11 authors.
DOI record: { "DOI": "10.1016/j.gene.2024.148236", "ISSN": [ "0378-1119" ], "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2024.148236", "alternative-id": [ "S0378111924001173" ], "article-number": "148236", "assertion": [ { "label": "This article is maintained by", "name": "publisher", "value": "Elsevier" }, { "label": "Article Title", "name": "articletitle", "value": "Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms Related to Vitamin D Metabolism and Severity or Mortality of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis" }, { "label": "Journal Title", "name": "journaltitle", "value": "Gene" }, { "label": "CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version", "name": "articlelink", "value": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2024.148236" }, { "label": "Content Type", "name": "content_type", "value": "article" }, { "label": "Copyright", "name": "copyright", "value": "© 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved." } ], "author": [ { "affiliation": [], "family": "Regina da Silva Correa da Ronda", "given": "Carla", "sequence": "first" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Berlofa Visacri", "given": "Marília", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Tiemi Siguemoto", "given": "Júlia", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Motta Neri", "given": "Carolini", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Crispim Lopo de Abreu", "given": "Micaela", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "de Souza Nicoletti", "given": "Aline", "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9099-7216", "affiliation": [], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Rotta", "given": "Inajara", "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2109-9399", "affiliation": [], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Dagli-Hernandez", "given": "Carolina", "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4927-7022", "affiliation": [], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Moriel Pincinato", "given": "Pedro", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "de Carvalho Pincinato", "given": "Eder", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Moriel", "given": "Patricia", "sequence": "additional" } ], "container-title": "Gene", "container-title-short": "Gene", "content-domain": { "crossmark-restriction": true, "domain": [ "elsevier.com", "sciencedirect.com" ] }, "created": { "date-parts": [ [ 2024, 2, 3 ] ], "date-time": "2024-02-03T16:22:31Z", "timestamp": 1706977351000 }, "deposited": { "date-parts": [ [ 2024, 2, 3 ] ], "date-time": "2024-02-03T16:22:48Z", "timestamp": 1706977368000 }, "funder": [ { "DOI": "10.13039/501100001807", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "name": "FAPESP" }, { "DOI": "10.13039/501100002322", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "name": "CAPES" }, { "DOI": "10.13039/501100003593", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "name": "CNPq" } ], "indexed": { "date-parts": [ [ 2024, 2, 4 ] ], "date-time": "2024-02-04T00:26:14Z", "timestamp": 1707006374110 }, "is-referenced-by-count": 0, "issued": { "date-parts": [ [ 2024, 2 ] ] }, "language": "en", "license": [ { "URL": "https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/", "content-version": "tdm", "delay-in-days": 0, "start": { "date-parts": [ [ 2024, 2, 1 ] ], "date-time": "2024-02-01T00:00:00Z", "timestamp": 1706745600000 } }, { "URL": "https://doi.org/10.15223/policy-017", "content-version": "stm-asf", "delay-in-days": 0, "start": { "date-parts": [ [ 2024, 2, 1 ] ], "date-time": "2024-02-01T00:00:00Z", "timestamp": 1706745600000 } }, { "URL": "https://doi.org/10.15223/policy-037", "content-version": "stm-asf", "delay-in-days": 0, "start": { "date-parts": [ [ 2024, 2, 1 ] ], "date-time": "2024-02-01T00:00:00Z", "timestamp": 1706745600000 } }, { "URL": "https://doi.org/10.15223/policy-012", "content-version": "stm-asf", "delay-in-days": 0, "start": { "date-parts": [ [ 2024, 2, 1 ] ], "date-time": "2024-02-01T00:00:00Z", "timestamp": 1706745600000 } }, { "URL": "https://doi.org/10.15223/policy-029", "content-version": "stm-asf", "delay-in-days": 0, "start": { "date-parts": [ [ 2024, 2, 1 ] ], "date-time": "2024-02-01T00:00:00Z", "timestamp": 1706745600000 } }, { "URL": "https://doi.org/10.15223/policy-004", "content-version": "stm-asf", "delay-in-days": 0, "start": { "date-parts": [ [ 2024, 2, 1 ] ], "date-time": "2024-02-01T00:00:00Z", "timestamp": 1706745600000 } } ], "link": [ { "URL": "https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0378111924001173?httpAccept=text/xml", "content-type": "text/xml", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "text-mining" }, { "URL": "https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0378111924001173?httpAccept=text/plain", "content-type": "text/plain", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "text-mining" } ], "member": "78", "original-title": [], "page": "148236", "prefix": "10.1016", "published": { "date-parts": [ [ 2024, 2 ] ] }, "published-print": { "date-parts": [ [ 2024, 2 ] ] }, "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "reference": [ { "DOI": "10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105098", "article-title": "Association of Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and clinical/severe outcomes of COVID-19 patients", "author": "Abdollahzadeh", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "journal-title": "Infect Genet Evol.", "key": "10.1016/j.gene.2024.148236_b0005", "volume": "96", "year": "2021" }, { "article-title": "Effect of vitamin D receptor gene BsmI polymorphism on hospitalization of SARS-CoV-2 positive patients", "author": "Aci", "journal-title": "Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids.", "key": "10.1016/j.gene.2024.148236_b0010", "volume": "1–12", "year": "2023" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/nu13113680", "article-title": "Associations between Genetic Variants in the Vitamin D Metabolism Pathway and Severity of COVID-19 among UAE Residents", "author": "Al-Anouti", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "3680", "journal-title": "Nutrients.", "key": "10.1016/j.gene.2024.148236_b0015", "volume": "13", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/genes13122346", "article-title": "Evaluating the Role of BglI rs739837 and TaqI rs731236 Polymorphisms in Vitamin D Receptor with SARS-CoV-2 Variants Mortality Rate", "author": "Albu-Mohammed", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "2346", "journal-title": "Genes (Basel)", "key": "10.1016/j.gene.2024.148236_b0020", "volume": "13", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/s41598-023-30859-7", "article-title": "Association of ApaI rs7975232 and BsmI rs1544410 in clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients according to different SARS-CoV-2 variants", "author": "Al-Gharrawi", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "3612", "journal-title": "Sci Rep.", "key": "10.1016/j.gene.2024.148236_b0025", "volume": "13", "year": "2023" }, { "DOI": "10.1002/cbin.12064", "article-title": "Relationship between CDX2 rs11568820 and EcoRV rs4516035 polymorphisms on the vitamin D receptor gene with susceptibility to different SARS-CoV-2 variants", "author": "Al-Mohammedawi", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1728", "journal-title": "Cell Biol Int.", "key": "10.1016/j.gene.2024.148236_b0030", "volume": "47", "year": "2023" }, { "DOI": "10.1111/cen.14664", "article-title": "Effects of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms on the prognosis of COVID-19", "author": "Apaydin", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "819", "journal-title": "Clin Endocrinol (Oxf).", "key": "10.1016/j.gene.2024.148236_b0035", "volume": "96", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.2310/JIM.0b013e31821b8755", "article-title": "Vitamin D and the immune system", "author": "Aranow", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "881", "journal-title": "J Investig Med.", "key": "10.1016/j.gene.2024.148236_b0040", "volume": "59", "year": "2011" }, { "article-title": "The relationship between vitamin D and the severity of COVID-19", "author": "Basaran", "first-page": "200", "journal-title": "Bratisl Lek Listy.", "key": "10.1016/j.gene.2024.148236_b0045", "volume": "122", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1371/journal.pmed.1003605", "article-title": "Vitamin D and COVID-19 susceptibility and severity in the COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative: A Mendelian randomization study", "author": "Butler-Laporte", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "e1003605", "journal-title": "PLoS Med.", "key": "10.1016/j.gene.2024.148236_b0050", "volume": "18", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1097/PHM.0000000000001588", "article-title": "Association Between FokI Polymorphism of Vitamin D Receptor Gene and Lumbar Spine Disc Degeneration: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "author": "Castillo-Avila", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "492", "journal-title": "Am J Phys Med Rehabil.", "key": "10.1016/j.gene.2024.148236_b0055", "volume": "100", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.4049/jimmunol.179.3.1634", "article-title": "Modulatory effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on human B cell differentiation", "author": "Chen", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1634", "journal-title": "J Immunol.", "key": "10.1016/j.gene.2024.148236_b0060", "volume": "179", "year": "2007" }, { "DOI": "10.1046/j.1365-2265.2000.00909.x", "article-title": "Consequences of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms for growth inhibition of cultured human peripheral blood mononuclear cells by 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3", "author": "Colin", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "211", "journal-title": "Clin Endocrinol.", "key": "10.1016/j.gene.2024.148236_b0065", "volume": "52", "year": "2000" }, { "DOI": "10.21037/tp-20-198", "article-title": "Vitamin D receptor gene ApaI and FokI polymorphisms and its association with inflammation and oxidative stress in vitamin D sufficient Caucasian Spanish children", "author": "Ferrer-Suay", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "103", "journal-title": "Transl Pediatr.", "key": "10.1016/j.gene.2024.148236_b0070", "volume": "10", "year": "2021" }, { "article-title": "Modifying effects of TNF-α, IL-6 and VDR genes on the development risk and the course of COVID-19", "author": "Fishchuk", "first-page": "133", "journal-title": "Pilot study. Drug Metab Pers Ther.", "key": "10.1016/j.gene.2024.148236_b0075", "volume": "37", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105720", "article-title": "The vitamin D receptor Taq I polymorphism is associated with reduced VDR and increased PDIA3 protein levels in human intestinal fibroblasts", "author": "Gisbert-Ferrándiz", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "journal-title": "J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol.", "key": "10.1016/j.gene.2024.148236_b0080", "volume": "202", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557", "article-title": "Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses", "author": "Higgins", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "557", "journal-title": "BMJ.", "key": "10.1016/j.gene.2024.148236_b0085", "volume": "327", "year": "2003" }, { "DOI": "10.1111/j.1525-139X.2007.00302.x", "article-title": "Expanding role for vitamin D in chronic kidney disease: importance of blood 25-OH-D levels and extra-renal 1alpha-hydroxylase in the classical and nonclassical actions of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)", "author": "Jones", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "316", "journal-title": "Semin Dial.", "key": "10.1016/j.gene.2024.148236_b0090", "volume": "20", "year": "2007" }, { "DOI": "10.1155/2013/427818", "article-title": "Vitamin D Receptor Gene BsmI Polymorphism in Polish Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus", "author": "Kaleta", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "journal-title": "ISRN Endocrinol.", "key": "10.1016/j.gene.2024.148236_b0095", "volume": "2013", "year": "2013" }, { "DOI": "10.3389/fnut.2021.689419", "article-title": "Association of Vitamin D, Zinc and Selenium Related Genetic Variants With COVID-19 Disease Severity", "author": "Kotur", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "journal-title": "Front Nutr.", "key": "10.1016/j.gene.2024.148236_b0100", "volume": "8", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1080/03014460.2019.1659851", "article-title": "Vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphism and osteoporosis risk in White British men", "author": "Kow", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "430", "journal-title": "Ann Hum Biol.", "key": "10.1016/j.gene.2024.148236_b0105", "volume": "46", "year": "2019" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.jclinepi.2008.12.004", "article-title": "Strengthening the reporting of genetic association studies (STREGA): an extension of the strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement", "author": "Little", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "597", "journal-title": "J Clin Epidemiol.", "key": "10.1016/j.gene.2024.148236_b0110", "volume": "62", "year": "2009" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/nu12113361", "article-title": "Evidence Regarding Vitamin D and Risk of COVID-19 and Its Severity", "author": "Mercola", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "3361", "journal-title": "Nutrients.", "key": "10.1016/j.gene.2024.148236_b0115", "volume": "12", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1097/INF.0b013e31829e4d06", "article-title": "Vitamin D-related host genetic variants alter HIV disease progression in children", "author": "Moodley", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1230", "journal-title": "Pediatr Infect Dis J.", "key": "10.1016/j.gene.2024.148236_b0120", "volume": "32", "year": "2013" }, { "DOI": "10.3389/bjbs.2021.10237", "article-title": "Association of Vitamin D Gene Polymorphisms With HCV Infection Outcome", "author": "Neamatallah", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "10237", "journal-title": "Br J Biomed Sci.", "key": "10.1016/j.gene.2024.148236_b0125", "volume": "79", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1007/s11033-022-07338-9", "article-title": "Differentially expressed plasmatic microRNAs in Brazilian patients with Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): preliminary results", "author": "Nicoletti", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "6931", "journal-title": "Mol Biol Rep.", "key": "10.1016/j.gene.2024.148236_b0130", "volume": "49", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1186/s13643-016-0384-4", "article-title": "Rayyan-a web and mobile app for systematic reviews", "author": "Ouzzani", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "210", "journal-title": "Syst Rev.", "key": "10.1016/j.gene.2024.148236_b0135", "volume": "5", "year": "2016" }, { "article-title": "The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews", "author": "Page", "journal-title": "BMJ.", "key": "10.1016/j.gene.2024.148236_b0140", "volume": "372", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1186/s43042-021-00206-4", "article-title": "TaqI polymorphism of the VDR gene: aspects related to the clinical behavior of COVID-19 in Cuban patients", "author": "Peralta", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "83", "journal-title": "Egypt J Med Hum Genet.", "key": "10.1016/j.gene.2024.148236_b0145", "volume": "22", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/ijms21249626", "article-title": "Association of Vitamin D Metabolism Gene Polymorphisms with Autoimmunity: Evidence in Population Genetic Studies", "author": "Ruiz-Ballesteros", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "9626", "journal-title": "Int J Mol Sci.", "key": "10.1016/j.gene.2024.148236_b0150", "volume": "21", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1002/rmv.2323", "article-title": "Genetic polymorphisms of ACE1, ACE2, and TMPRSS2 associated with COVID-19 severity: A systematic review with meta-analysis", "author": "Saengsiwaritt", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "e2323", "journal-title": "Rev Med Virol.", "key": "10.1016/j.gene.2024.148236_b0155", "volume": "32", "year": "2022" }, { "author": "Schünemann", "key": "10.1016/j.gene.2024.148236_b0160", "series-title": "GRADE handbook for grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations", "year": "2013" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.arcmed.2023.03.006", "article-title": "Role of FokI rs2228570 and Tru9I rs757343 Polymorphisms in the Mortality of Patients Infected with Different Variants of SARS-CoV-2", "author": "Shawi", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "310", "journal-title": "Arch Med Res.", "key": "10.1016/j.gene.2024.148236_b0165", "volume": "54", "year": "2023" }, { "DOI": "10.3389/fnut.2022.996450", "article-title": "A meta-analysis suggests the association of reduced serum level of vitamin D and T-allele of Fok1 (rs2228570) polymorphism in the vitamin D receptor gene with celiac disease", "author": "Shree", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "journal-title": "Front Nutr.", "key": "10.1016/j.gene.2024.148236_b0170", "volume": "9", "year": "2023" }, { "DOI": "10.1007/s40279-014-0266-7", "article-title": "Vitamin D: recent advances and implications for athletes", "author": "Todd", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "213", "journal-title": "Sports Med.", "key": "10.1016/j.gene.2024.148236_b0175", "volume": "45", "year": "2015" }, { "DOI": "10.2174/157016210793499330", "article-title": "Immunophenotype of vitamin D receptor polymorphism associated to risk of HIV-1 infection and rate of disease progression", "author": "Torres", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "487", "journal-title": "Curr HIV Res.", "key": "10.1016/j.gene.2024.148236_b0180", "volume": "8", "year": "2010" }, { "DOI": "10.2217/bmm-2021-0348", "article-title": "Role of miRNAs as biomarkers of COVID-19: a scoping review of the status and future directions for research in this field", "author": "Visacri", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1785", "journal-title": "Biomark Med.", "key": "10.1016/j.gene.2024.148236_b0185", "volume": "15", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/genes14091691", "article-title": "Vitamin D: An Overview of Gene Regulation, Ranging from Metabolism to Genomic Effects", "author": "Voltan", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1691", "journal-title": "Genes (Basel)", "key": "10.1016/j.gene.2024.148236_b0190", "volume": "14", "year": "2023" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.ijsu.2014.07.013", "article-title": "The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies", "author": "von Elm", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1495", "journal-title": "Int J Surg.", "key": "10.1016/j.gene.2024.148236_b0195", "volume": "12", "year": "2014" }, { "DOI": "10.1080/22221751.2023.2195019", "article-title": "The role of dendritic cells in COVID-19 infection", "author": "Wang", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "2195019", "journal-title": "Emerg Microbes Infect.", "key": "10.1016/j.gene.2024.148236_b0200", "volume": "12", "year": "2023" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.abb.2012.04.001", "article-title": "Where is the vitamin D receptor?", "author": "Wang", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "123", "journal-title": "Arch Biochem Biophys.", "key": "10.1016/j.gene.2024.148236_b0205", "volume": "523", "year": "2012" }, { "key": "10.1016/j.gene.2024.148236_b0210", "unstructured": "Wells GA, Shea B, O'Connell D et al. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses; 2022. Accessed 04 May 2022. http://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp" }, { "key": "#cr-split#-10.1016/j.gene.2024.148236_b0215.1", "unstructured": "World Health Organization Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) situation report - 52" }, { "key": "#cr-split#-10.1016/j.gene.2024.148236_b0215.2", "unstructured": "2020. Accessed 02 July 2023. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200312-sitrep-52-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=e2bfc9c0_4" }, { "key": "10.1016/j.gene.2024.148236_b0220", "unstructured": "World Organization Health. WHO coronavirus (COVID-19) dashboard; 2023. Accessed 26 August 2023. https://covid19.who.int/" }, { "DOI": "10.1001/jama.2020.2648", "article-title": "Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72 314 Cases From the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention", "author": "Wu", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1239", "journal-title": "JAMA.", "key": "10.1016/j.gene.2024.148236_b0225", "volume": "323", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/s41390-022-02275-6", "article-title": "Vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D receptor FokI polymorphism as risk factors for COVID-19", "author": "Zeidan", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1383", "journal-title": "Pediatr Res.", "key": "10.1016/j.gene.2024.148236_b0230", "volume": "93", "year": "2023" }, { "DOI": "10.3109/10799893.2014.926928", "article-title": "Association of vitamin D receptor Fok1 (rs2228570), TaqI (rs731236) and ApaI (rs7975232) gene polymorphism with the risk of chronic kidney disease", "author": "Zhou", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "58", "journal-title": "J Recept Signal Transduct Res.", "key": "10.1016/j.gene.2024.148236_b0235", "volume": "35", "year": "2015" } ], "reference-count": 48, "references-count": 48, "relation": {}, "resource": { "primary": { "URL": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378111924001173" } }, "score": 1, "short-title": [], "source": "Crossref", "subject": [ "Genetics", "General Medicine" ], "subtitle": [], "title": "Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms Related to Vitamin D Metabolism and Severity or Mortality of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis", "type": "journal-article", "update-policy": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/elsevier_cm_policy" }