The effect of Vitamin D levels on the course of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients – a 1-year prospective cohort study

{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2023, 3, 10]], 'date-time': '2023-03-10T05:46:39Z', 'timestamp': 1678427199389}, 'reference-count': 58, 'publisher': 'F1000 Research Ltd', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2023, 3, 9]], 'date-time': '2023-03-09T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1678320000000}, 'content-version': 'tdm', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/'}], 'content-domain': {'domain': ['f1000research.com'], 'crossmark-restriction': False}, 'abstract': '<ns4:p>Background: The aim of the current study was to assess the patients with COVID-19 and ' 'the impact of vitamin D supplementation on the course of COVID-19.\xa0</ns4:p><ns4:p> ' 'Methods: This prospective cohort study included patients hospitalized due to COVID-19 between ' "December 2020 and December 2021. Patients' demographic, clinical, and laboratory parameters " 'were analysed.\xa0\xa0</ns4:p><ns4:p> Results: 301 participants were enrolled in the study. ' '46 (15,3%) had moderate, and 162 (53,8%) had severe COVID-19. 14 (4,7%) patients died, and 30 ' '(10,0%) were admitted to the ICU due to disease worsening. The majority needed oxygen therapy ' '(n=224; 74,4%). Average vitamin 25(OH)D3 levels were below optimal at the admittance, and ' 'vitamin D deficiency was detected in 205 individuals. More male patients were suffering from ' 'vitamin D deficiency. Patients with the more severe disease showed lower levels of vitamin ' '25(OH)D3 in their blood. The most severe group of patients had more symptoms that lasted ' 'significantly longer with progressing disease severity. This group of patients also suffered ' 'from more deaths, ICU admissions, and treatments with dexamethasone, remdesivir, and ' 'oxygen.\xa0</ns4:p><ns4:p> Conclusion: Patients with the severe course of COVID-19 were shown ' 'to have increased inflammatory parameters, increased mortality, and higher incidence of ' 'vitamin D deficiency. The results suggest that the vitamin D deficiency might represent a ' 'significant risk factor for a severe course of COVID-19.</ns4:p>', 'DOI': '10.12688/f1000research.131730.1', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': {'date-parts': [[2023, 3, 9]], 'date-time': '2023-03-09T14:26:41Z', 'timestamp': 1678372001000}, 'page': '254', 'update-policy': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.crossmark-policy', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 0, 'title': 'The effect of Vitamin D levels on the course of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients – a 1-year ' 'prospective cohort study', 'prefix': '10.12688', 'volume': '12', 'author': [ {'given': 'Darko', 'family': 'Siuka', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Rajko', 'family': 'Saletinger', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Jure', 'family': 'Uršič', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Kristina', 'family': 'Jevnikar', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Rado', 'family': 'Janša', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9653-9830', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'David', 'family': 'Štubljar', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1839-2415', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Joško', 'family': 'Osredkar', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}], 'member': '2560', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2023, 3, 9]]}, 'reference': [ { 'key': 'ref1', 'first-page': '182-189', 'article-title': 'The COVID-19 Pandemic, Seasons and the Vitamin D Laboratory Strategy.', 'volume': '56', 'author': 'D Siuka', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research ' '(IJSBAR).'}, { 'key': 'ref2', 'first-page': '128-132', 'article-title': 'Factors influencing the seasonal patterns of infectious diseases.', 'volume': '4', 'author': 'A Fares', 'year': '2013', 'journal-title': 'Int. 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