Vitamin D status of Arab Gulf residents screened for SARS-CoV-2 and its association with COVID-19 infection: a multi-centre case–control study

{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2024, 4, 3]], 'date-time': '2024-04-03T04:29:39Z', 'timestamp': 1712118579935}, 'reference-count': 48, 'publisher': 'Springer Science and Business Media LLC', 'issue': '1', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2021, 4, 26]], 'date-time': '2021-04-26T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1619395200000}, 'content-version': 'tdm', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/'}, { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2021, 4, 26]], 'date-time': '2021-04-26T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1619395200000}, 'content-version': 'vor', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/'}], 'funder': [ { 'DOI': '10.13039/501100011665', 'name': 'Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher'}], 'content-domain': {'domain': ['link.springer.com'], 'crossmark-restriction': False}, 'published-print': {'date-parts': [[2021, 12]]}, 'abstract': '<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Objectives</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>Vitamin D status in patients with COVID-19 is an on-going ' 'controversial issue. This study aims to determine differences in the serum 25(OH)D ' 'concentrations of Arab Gulf adult residents screened for SARS-CoV-2 and its association with ' 'risk of COVID-19 infection together with other comorbidities.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec><jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Methods</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>In this multi-center, case–control study, a total of 220 male and ' 'female adults presenting with none to mild symptoms were screened for COVID-19 (n\u2009=\u2009' '138 RT-PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 positive and 82 negative controls). Medical history was ' 'noted. Anthropometrics were measured and non-fasting blood samples were collected for the ' 'assessment of glucose, lipids, inflammatory markers and serum 25(OH)D ' 'concentrations.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec><jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Results</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>Serum 25(OH)D levels were significantly lower in the SARS-CoV-2 ' 'positive group compared to the negative group after adjustment for age and BMI (52.8\xa0' 'nmol/l\u2009±\u200911.0 versus 64.5\xa0nmol/l\u2009±\u200911.1; p\u2009=\u20090.009). Being ' 'elderly (&gt;\u200960\xa0years) [Odds ratio 6 (95% Confidence Interval, CI 2–18; p\u2009' '=\u20090.001) as well as having type 2 diabetes (T2D) [OR 6 (95% CI 3–14); p\u2009&lt;\u2009' '0.001)] and low HDL cholesterol (HDL-c) [OR 6 (95% CI 3–14); p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001)] were ' 'significant risk factors for COVID-19 infection independent of age, sex and ' 'obesity.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec><jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>Among Arab Gulf residents screened for SARS-CoV-2, serum 25(OH) D ' 'levels were observed to be lower in those who tested positive than negative individuals, but ' 'it was the presence of old age, diabetes mellitus and low-HDL-c that were significantly ' 'associated with risk of COVID-19 infection. Large population-based randomized controlled ' 'trials should be conducted to assess the protective effects of vitamin D supplementation ' 'against COVID-19.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec>', 'DOI': '10.1186/s12967-021-02838-x', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': {'date-parts': [[2021, 4, 26]], 'date-time': '2021-04-26T08:03:33Z', 'timestamp': 1619424213000}, 'update-policy': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 27, 'title': 'Vitamin D status of Arab Gulf residents screened for SARS-CoV-2 and its association with ' 'COVID-19 infection: a multi-centre case–control study', 'prefix': '10.1186', 'volume': '19', 'author': [ { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5472-1725', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Nasser M.', 'family': 'Al-Daghri', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Osama E.', 'family': 'Amer', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Naif H.', 'family': 'Alotaibi', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Dara A.', 'family': 'Aldisi', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Mushira A.', 'family': 'Enani', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Eman', 'family': 'Sheshah', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Naji J.', 'family': 'Aljohani', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Naemah', 'family': 'Alshingetti', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Suliman Y.', 'family': 'Alomar', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Hanan', 'family': 'Alfawaz', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Syed D.', 'family': 'Hussain', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Abdullah M.', 'family': 'Alnaami', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Shaun', 'family': 'Sabico', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}], 'member': '297', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2021, 4, 26]]}, 'reference': [ { 'issue': '5', 'key': '2838_CR1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '533', 'DOI': '10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30120-1', 'volume': '20', 'author': 'E Dong', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Dong E, Du H, Gardner L. 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