The role of vitamin D in the age of COVID‐19: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Roya Ghasemian, Amir Danial Shamshirian, Keyvan Heydari, Mohammad Malekan, Reza Alizadeh‐navaei, Mohammad Ali Ebrahimzadeh, Majid Ebrahimi Warkiani, Hamed Jafarpour, Sajad Razavi Bazaz, Arash Rezaei Shahmirzadi, Mehrdad Khodabandeh, Benyamin Seyfari, Alireza Motamedzadeh, Ehsan Dadgostar, Marzieh Aalinezhad, Meghdad Sedaghat, Nazanin Razzaghi, Bahman Zarandi, Anahita Asadi, Vahid Yaghoubi Naei, Reza Beheshti, Amirhossein Hessami, Soheil Azizi, Ali Reza Mohseni, Danial Shamshirian
International Journal of Clinical Practice, doi:10.1111/ijcp.14675
This article has been accepted for publication and undergone full peer review but has not been through the copyediting, typesetting, pagination and proofreading process, which may lead to differences between this version and the Version of Record.
Ethics approval and consent to participate Not applicable.
Consent for publication Not applicable.
Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Funding None.
References
Abdollahi, Sarvestani, Rafat, ) Vitamin D, Obesity, and underlying Diseases with the risk of Developing COVID-19 Infection: A case-control study of hospitalized patients in Tehran, Iran, Journal of medical virology
Abhimanyu, Ak, The role of UV radiation and vitamin D in the seasonality and outcomes of infectious disease. Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Accepted Article This article is protected by copyright, journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology
Ae, Is the ACE2 Overexpression a Risk Factor for COVID-19 Infection? Archives of medical research
Aloia, Mikhail, Dhaliwal, Free 25(OH)D and the Vitamin D Paradox in African Americans, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism
Aponte, Palacios, Vitamin D for prevention of respiratory tract infections
Aranow, investigative medicine : the official publication of the, American Federation for Clinical Research
Arvinte, Singh, Marik, Serum Levels of Vitamin C and Vitamin D in a Cohort of Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients of a North American Community Hospital Intensive Care Unit in May 2020: A Pilot Study, Medicine in Drug Discovery
Baktash, Hosack, Patel, Vitamin D status and outcomes for hospitalised older patients with COVID-19
Beard, Bearden, Striker, Vitamin D and the anti-viral state, Pan American Society for Clinical Virology
Belderbos, Houben, Wilbrink, Cord blood vitamin D deficiency is associated with respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis, Pediatrics
Bergman, Lindh, Björkhem-Bergman, Lindh, Vitamin D and Respiratory Tract Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials, PloS one
Bikle, Christakos, New aspects of vitamin D metabolism and action -addressing the skin as source and target, Nature reviews Endocrinology
Carpagnano, Lecce, Quaranta, Vitamin D deficiency as a predictor of poor prognosis in patients with acute respiratory failure due to COVID-19, Journal of endocrinological investigation
Carter, Baranauskas, Fly, Considerations for Obesity, Vitamin D, and Physical Activity Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic, Obesity
Cashman, Dowling, Škrabáková, Vitamin D deficiency in Europe: pandemic? The American journal of clinical nutrition
Castillo, Costa, Barrios, Effect of calcifediol treatment and best available therapy versus best available therapy on intensive care unit admission and mortality among patients hospitalized for COVID-19: A pilot randomized clinical study, J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol
Centers For Disease, People with certain medical conditions
Cereda, Bogliolo, Klersy, Vitamin D 25OH deficiency in COVID-19 patients admitted to a tertiary referral hospital
Chadha, Fakih, Muindi, Effect of 25-hydroxyvitamin D status on serological response to influenza vaccine in prostate cancer patients, The Prostate
Correia, Mdo, Gondim, Bandeira, Ethnic aspects of vitamin D deficiency. Arquivos brasileiros de endocrinologia e metabologia
Darbeheshti, Rezaei, Genetic predisposition models to COVID-19 infection, Medical hypotheses
Faul, Kerley, Love, Vitamin D Deficiency and ARDS after SARS-CoV-2 Infection, Ir Med J
Giustina, Adler, Binkley, Controversies in vitamin D: summary statement from an international conference, The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
Goncalves-Mendes, Talvas, Dualé, Impact of Vitamin D Supplementation on Influenza Vaccine Response and Immune Functions in Deficient Elderly Persons: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial, Frontiers in immunology
Gralinski, Sheahan, Morrison, Complement Activation Contributes to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Pathogenesis, mBio
Grant, Boucher, Yes, vitamin D can be a magic bullet, Clinical Nutrition
Grant, Giovannucci, The possible roles of solar ultraviolet-B radiation and vitamin D in reducing case-fatality rates from the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic in the United States, Dermato-endocrinology
Grant, Lahore, Mcdonnell, Evidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths, Nutrients
Greiller, Martineau, Modulation of the immune response to respiratory viruses by vitamin D, Nutrients
Hamza, Ahmed, Ahmed, Durrani, Role of Vitamin D in Pathogenesis and Severity of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection, Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences
Hansdottir, Monick, Hinde, Lovan, Look et al., Respiratory epithelial cells convert inactive vitamin D to its active form: potential effects on host defense, Journal of immunology
Hastie, Mackay, Ho, Vitamin D concentrations and COVID-19 infection in UK Biobank. Diabetes & metabolic syndrome
Hernández, Nan, Fernandez-Ayala, Vitamin D Status in Hospitalized Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Infection, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism
Hessami, Shamshirian, Heydari, Cardiovascular diseases burden in COVID-19: Systematic review and meta-analysis, The American journal of emergency medicine
Hewison, An update on vitamin D and human immunity, Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)
Higgins, Thomas, Chandler, Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 6
Hirsch, Archer, Joshi-Kale, Vetrano, Weinberger, Decreased antiinflammatory responses to vitamin D in neonatal neutrophils, Mediators of inflammation
Holick, The New England journal of medicine
Holman, Knighton, Kar, Risk factors for COVID-19-related mortality in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes in England: a population-based cohort study, The lancet Diabetes & endocrinology
Ilie, Stefanescu, Smith, The role of vitamin D in the prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 infection and mortality, Aging Clinical and Experimental Research
Im, Je, Baek, Chung, Kwon et al., Nutritional status of patients with COVID-19. International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication, of the International Society for Infectious Diseases
Imai, Kuba, Rao, Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 protects from severe acute lung failure, Nature
Inamo, Hasegawa, Saito, Serum vitamin D concentrations and associated severity of acute lower respiratory tract infections in Japanese hospitalized children, Pediatrics international : official journal of the Japan Pediatric Society
Jain, Chaurasia, Sengar, Singh, Mahor et al., Analysis of vitamin D level among asymptomatic and critically ill COVID-19 patients and its correlation with inflammatory markers, Scientific reports
Jakovac, COVID-19 and vitamin D-Is there a link and an opportunity for intervention?, American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism
Karahan, Katkat, Impact of Serum 25(OH) Vitamin D Level on Mortality in Patients with COVID-19 in Turkey, Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging
Karkeni, Morin, Tayeh, Vitamin D Controls Tumor Growth and CD8+ T Cell Infiltration in Breast Cancer, Frontiers in immunology
Karonova, Andreeva, Vashukova, Serum 25 (OH) D level in patients with COVID-19, Journal Infectology
Kaufman, Niles, Kroll, Bi, Holick, SARS-CoV-2 positivity rates associated with circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, PloS one
Kdekian, Alssema, Van Der Beek, Impact of isocaloric exchanges of carbohydrate for fat on postprandial glucose, insulin, triglycerides, and free fatty acid responses-a systematic review and meta-analysis, European journal of clinical nutrition
Khunti, Singh, Pareek, Hanif, Is ethnicity linked to incidence or outcomes of covid-19?, Clinical research ed
Kim, The Role of Vitamin D in Thyroid Diseases, International journal of molecular sciences
Laurencin, Mcclinton, The COVID-19 Pandemic: a Call to Action to Identify and Address Racial and Ethnic Disparities. Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities
Ling, Broad, Murphy, High-Dose Cholecalciferol Booster Therapy is Associated with a Reduced Risk of Mortality in Patients with COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Multi-Centre Observational Study, Nutrients
Luo, Liao, Shen, Li, Cheng, Vitamin D Deficiency Is Inversely Associated with COVID-19 Incidence and Disease Severity in Chinese People, The Journal of nutrition
Macaya, Paeres, Valls, Interaction between age and vitamin D deficiency in severe COVID-19 infection, Nutricion hospitalaria
Machado, Aissa, Ribeiro, Antunes, Vitamin D supplementation alters the expression of genes associated with hypertension and did not induce DNA damage in rats, Journal of toxicology and environmental health Part A
Maghbooli, Sahraian, Ebrahimi, Vitamin D sufficiency, a serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D at least 30 ng/mL reduced risk for adverse clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19 infection, PloS one
Martineau, Jolliffe, Hooper, Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data, BMJ (Clinical research ed
Mcnally, Leis, Matheson, Karuananyake, Sankaran et al., Vitamin D deficiency in young children with severe acute lower respiratory infection, Pediatric pulmonology
Meltzer, Best, Zhang, Vokes, Arora et al., Association of Vitamin D Status and Other Clinical Characteristics With COVID-19 Test Results, JAMA network open
Mercola, Grant, Wagner, Evidence Regarding Vitamin D and Risk of COVID-19 and Its Severity, Nutrients
Merzon, Tworowski, Gorohovski, Low plasma 25(OH) vitamin D level is associated with increased risk of COVID-19 infection: an Israeli population-based study, The FEBS journal
Milam, Furr-Holden, Edwards-Johnson, Are Clinicians Contributing to Excess African American COVID-19 Deaths? Unbeknownst to Them, They May Be, Health equity
Minton, DAMP-driven metabolic adaptation, Nature reviews Immunology
Mitchell, Vitamin-D and COVID-19: do deficient risk a poorer outcome?, The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology
Modesti, Reboldi, Cappuccio, Panethnic differences in blood pressure in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Molloy, Vitamin D, Covid-19 and Children, Ir Med J
Moon, Fighting COVID-19 exhausts T cells, Nature reviews Immunology
Mosekilde, Vitamin D and the elderly, Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)
Moszynski, WHO report highlights Africa's health challenges, BMJ (Clinical research ed
Nicola, Dattoli, Moccia, Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and psychological distress symptoms in patients with affective disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic, Psychoneuroendocrinology
Olliver, Spelmink, Hiew, Meyer-Hoffert, Henriques-Normark et al., Immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D on innate and adaptive immune responses to Streptococcus pneumoniae, The Journal of infectious diseases
Oo, Uzochukwu, Identifying Key Challenges Facing Healthcare Systems In Africa And Potential Solutions, International journal of general medicine
Organization, Coronavirus disease (COVID-2019) situation reports
Organization, The African regional health report 2014: The health of the people
Orwoll, Nielson, Marshall, Vitamin D deficiency in older men, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism
Panagiotou, Tee, Ihsan, Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 are associated with greater disease severity, Clinical endocrinology
Powe, Evans, Wenger, Vitamin D-binding protein and vitamin D status of black Americans and white Americans, The New England journal of medicine
Radujkovic, Hippchen, Tiwari-Heckler, Dreher, Boxberger, Vitamin D Deficiency and Outcome of COVID-19 Patients, Nutrients
Risitano, Mastellos, Huber-Lang, Complement as a target in COVID-19?, Nature reviews Immunology
Rondanelli, Miccono, Lamburghini, Self-Care for Common Colds: The Pivotal Role of Vitamin D, Vitamin C, Zinc, and Echinacea in Three Main Immune Interactive Clusters (Physical Barriers, Innate and Adaptive Immunity) Involved during an Episode of Common Colds-Practical Advice on Dosages and on the Time to Take These Nutrients/Botanicals in order to Prevent or Treat Common Colds. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine, eCAM
Shamshirian, Hessami, Heydari, The Role of Hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, Annals of the Academy of Medicine
Teymoori-Rad, Shokri, Salimi, Marashi, The interplay between vitamin D and viral infections, Reviews in medical virology
Van De Veerdonk, Netea, Van Deuren, Kinins and cytokines in COVID-19: a comprehensive pathophysiological approach
Vassiliou, Jahaj, Pratikaki, Vitamin D deficiency correlates with a reduced number of natural killer cells in intensive care unit (ICU) and non-ICU Accepted Article This article is protected by copyright
Vignera, Cannarella, Condorelli, Torre, Aversa et al., Sex-Specific SARS-CoV-2 Mortality: Among Hormone-Modulated ACE2 Expression, Risk of Venous Thromboembolism and Hypovitaminosis D, International journal of molecular sciences
Vranić, Mikolašević, Milić, Vitamin D Deficiency: Consequence or Cause of Obesity?, Medicina (Kaunas)
Weishaar, Rajan, Keller, Probability of Vitamin D Deficiency by Body Weight and Race/Ethnicity, Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine : JABFM
Wells, Shea, Connell, The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses
Word, Perese, Tseng, Adams-Huet, Olsen et al., 25-Hydroxyvitamin D levels in African-American and Caucasian/Hispanic subjects with cutaneous lupus erythematosus, The British journal of dermatology
Xiao, Sakagami, Miwa, ACE2: The key Molecule for Understanding the Pathophysiology of Severe and Critical Conditions of COVID-19: Demon or Angel?, Viruses
Xu, Soruri, Gieseler, Peters, 1, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 exerts opposing effects to IL-4 on MHC class-II antigen expression, accessory activity, and phagocytosis of human monocytes, Scandinavian journal of immunology
Yancy, COVID-19 and African Americans
Yang, Leung, Adamopoulos, Gershwin, The implication of vitamin D and autoimmunity: a comprehensive review, Clin Rev Allergy Immunol
Ye, Tang, Liao, Does Serum Vitamin D Level Affect COVID-19 Infection and Its Severity?-A Case-Control Study, Journal of the American College of Nutrition
Yuen, Jablonski, Vitamin D: in the evolution of human skin colour, Medical hypotheses
Zdrenghea, Makrinioti, Bagacean, Bush, Johnston et al., Vitamin D modulation of innate immune responses to respiratory viral infections, Reviews in medical virology
Zemb, Bergman, Camargo, Vitamin D deficiency and the COVID-19 pandemic, Journal of global antimicrobial resistance
Zheng, Gao, Wang, Functional exhaustion of antiviral lymphocytes in COVID-19 patients, Cellular & molecular immunology
