Prevalence of Micronutrient Deficiencies in Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19: An Observational Cohort Study
Manyola Voelkle, Claudia Gregoriano, Peter Neyer, Daniel Koch, Alexander Kutz, Luca Bernasconi, Anna Conen, Beat Mueller, Philipp Schuetz
Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu14091862
Background: A higher risk for severe clinical courses of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been linked to deficiencies of several micronutrients. We therefore studied the prevalence of deficiencies of eight different micronutrients in a cohort of hospitalized COVID-19-patients. Methods: We measured admission serum/plasma levels of vitamins A, B12, D, and E, as well as folic acid, zinc, selenium, and copper in 57 consecutively admitted adult patients with confirmed COVID-19 and analyzed prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies and correlations among micronutrient levels. Further, we studied associations of micronutrient levels with severe disease progression, a composite endpoint consisting of in-hospital mortality and/or need for intensive care unit (ICU) treatment with logistic regression. Results: Median age was 67.0 years (IQR 60.0, 74.2) and 60% (n = 34) were male. Overall, 79% (n = 45) of patients had at least one deficient micronutrient level and 33% (n = 19) had ≥3 deficiencies. Most prevalent deficiencies were found for selenium, vitamin D, vitamin A, and zinc (51%, 40%, 39%, and 39%, respectively). We found several correlations among micronutrients with correlation coefficients ranging from r = 0.27 to r = 0.42. The strongest associations with lower risk for severe COVID-19 disease progression (adjusted odds ratios) were found for higher levels of vitamin A (0.18, 95% CI 0.05-0.69, p = 0.01), zinc (0.73, 95% CI 0.55-0.98, p = 0.03), and folic acid (0.88, 95% CI 0.78-0.98, p = 0.02). Conclusions: We found a high prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies in mostly older patients hospitalized for COVID-19, particularly regarding selenium, vitamin D, vitamin A, and zinc. Several deficiencies were associated with a higher risk for more severe COVID-19 courses. Whether supplementation of micronutrients is useful for prevention of severe clinical courses or treatment of COVID-19 warrants further research.
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'abstract': '<jats:p>Background: A higher risk for severe clinical courses of coronavirus disease 2019 '
'(COVID-19) has been linked to deficiencies of several micronutrients. We therefore studied '
'the prevalence of deficiencies of eight different micronutrients in a cohort of hospitalized '
'COVID-19-patients. Methods: We measured admission serum/plasma levels of vitamins A, B12, D, '
'and E, as well as folic acid, zinc, selenium, and copper in 57 consecutively admitted adult '
'patients with confirmed COVID-19 and analyzed prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies and '
'correlations among micronutrient levels. Further, we studied associations of micronutrient '
'levels with severe disease progression, a composite endpoint consisting of in-hospital '
'mortality and/or need for intensive care unit (ICU) treatment with logistic regression. '
'Results: Median age was 67.0 years (IQR 60.0, 74.2) and 60% (n = 34) were male. Overall, 79% '
'(n = 45) of patients had at least one deficient micronutrient level and 33% (n = 19) had ≥3 '
'deficiencies. Most prevalent deficiencies were found for selenium, vitamin D, vitamin A, and '
'zinc (51%, 40%, 39%, and 39%, respectively). We found several correlations among '
'micronutrients with correlation coefficients ranging from r = 0.27 to r = 0.42. The strongest '
'associations with lower risk for severe COVID-19 disease progression (adjusted odds ratios) '
'were found for higher levels of vitamin A (0.18, 95% CI 0.05–0.69, p = 0.01), zinc (0.73, 95% '
'CI 0.55–0.98, p = 0.03), and folic acid (0.88, 95% CI 0.78–0.98, p = 0.02). Conclusions: We '
'found a high prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies in mostly older patients hospitalized '
'for COVID-19, particularly regarding selenium, vitamin D, vitamin A, and zinc. Several '
'deficiencies were associated with a higher risk for more severe COVID-19 courses. Whether '
'supplementation of micronutrients is useful for prevention of severe clinical courses or '
'treatment of COVID-19 warrants further research.</jats:p>',
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