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The relationship between 25(OH) vitamin D levels and COVID-19 onset and disease course in Spanish patients

Diaz-Curiel et al., Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105928
Jun 2021  
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ICU admission 73% Improvement Relative Risk Vitamin D  Diaz-Curiel et al.  Sufficiency Are vitamin D levels associated with COVID-19 outcomes? Retrospective 1,231 patients in Spain Lower ICU admission with higher vitamin D levels (p=0.016) c19early.org Diaz-Curiel et al., J. Steroid Biochem.., Jun 2021 Favorsvitamin D Favorscontrol 0 0.5 1 1.5 2+
Vitamin D for COVID-19
8th treatment shown to reduce risk in October 2020, now with p < 0.00000000001 from 122 studies, recognized in 9 countries.
No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols combine treatments.
5,100+ studies for 109 treatments. c19early.org
Retrospective 1,549 patients in Spain showing that the frequency of vitamin D deficiency was higher in admitted patients compared to the overall Spanish population, and that vitamin D deficiency was associated with increased risk of ICU admission amongst admitted patients. Adjusted vitamin D levels were lower in deceased patients, but statistical significance was not reached (authors provide only average levels, they do not provide mortality analysis based on deficiency).
This is the 71st of 209 COVID-19 sufficiency studies for vitamin D, which collectively show higher levels reduce risk with p<0.0000000001 (1 in 293,154,636 vigintillion).
risk of ICU admission, 73.2% lower, RR 0.27, p = 0.02, high D levels 3 of 214 (1.4%), low D levels 91 of 1,017 (8.9%), odds ratio converted to relative risk, >30ng/mL vs. <20ng/mL.
Effect extraction follows pre-specified rules prioritizing more serious outcomes. Submit updates
Diaz-Curiel et al., 6 Jun 2021, retrospective, Spain, peer-reviewed, 8 authors.
This PaperVitamin DAll
The relationship between 25(OH) vitamin D levels and COVID-19 onset and disease course in Spanish patients
Manuel Diaz-Curiel, Alfonso Cabello, Rosa Arboiro-Pinel, Jose Luis Mansur, Sarah Heili-Frades, Ignacio Mahillo-Fernandez, Antonio Herrero-González, Marjorie Andrade-Poveda
The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105928
Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency in patients with COVID-19 is correlated with an increased risk of hospital admission and the need for critical care. We found no clear relationship between vitamin D levels and mortality.
Authorship All listed authors meet the ICMJE criteria. We attest that all authors contributed significantly to the creation of this manuscript, each having fulfilled criteria as established by the ICMJE. We confirm that the manuscript has been read and approved by all named authors. We confirm that the order of authors listed in the manuscript has been approved by all named authors. All authors approved the final content of the manuscript. MDC takes responsibility for the integrity of the data analysis. Authors roles Declaration of Competing Interest No conflict of interest exists. We wish to confirm that there are no known conflicts of interest associated with this publication and there has been no significant financial support for this work that could have influenced its outcome.
References
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Bilezikian, Bikle, Hewison, Lazaretti-Castro, Formenti et al., Mechanisms in endocrinology: vitamin D and COVID-19, Eur. J. Endocrinol, doi:10.1530/EJE-20-0665
Castillo, Costa, Vaquero Barrios, Alcala Diaz, Miranda et al., Effect of Calcifediol Treatment and best Available Therapy versus best Available Therapy on Intensive Care Unit Admission and Mortality Among Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19: A Pilot Randomized Clinical study, J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol, doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105751
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Elliott, Bodinier, Whitaker, Delpierre, Vermeulen et al., COVID-19 mortality in the UK Biobank cohort: revisiting and evaluating risk factors, Eur. J. Epidemiol, doi:10.1007/s10654-021-00722-y
González-Molero, Morcillo, Valdés, Pérez-Valero, Botas et al., Vitamin D deficiency in Spain: a population-based cohort study, Eur. J. Clin. Nutr
Grant, Lahore, Mcdonnell, Baggerly Christine, French et al., Evidence that vitamin D supplementation could reduce risk of influenza and COVID-19 infections, and deaths, Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu12040988
Hernández, Nan, Fernandez-Ayala, García-Unzueta, Hernández-Hernández et al., Vitamin D status in hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab, doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaa733
Iddir, Brito, Dingeo, Fernandez Del Campo, Samouda et al., Exploring links between vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19, PLoS Pathog, doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1008874
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Luis Mansur, Tajer, Mariani, Inserra, Ferder et al., Suplemento con altas dosis de vitamina D podría representar una alternativa promisoria para prevenir o tratar la infección por COVID-19, Clin. Investig. Arterioscler, doi:10.1016/j.arteri.2020.05.003
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Mora, Iwata, Von Adrian, Vitamin effects on the immune system: vitamins A and D take centre stage, Nat. Rev. Immunol, doi:10.1038/nri2378
Olmos, Hernández, García-Velasco, Martínez, Llorca et al., Serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, calcium intake, and bone mineral density in Spanish adults, Osteoporos. Int, doi:10.1007/s00198-015-3219-6
Pereira, Dantas Damascena, Galvão Azevedo, De Almeida Oliveira, Da Mota et al., Vitamin D deficiency aggravates COVID-19: systematic review and meta-analysis, Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr, doi:10.1080/10408398.2020.1841090
Petrelli, Luciani, Perego, Dognini, Colombelli et al., Therapeutic and prognostic role of vitamin D for COVID-19 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 43 observational studies, J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol, doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105883
Quesada, Coopmans, Ruiz, Aljama, Jaans et al., Influence of vitamin D on parathyroid function in the elderly, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab
Schwalfenberg, A review of the critical role of vitamin D in the functioning of the immune system and the clinical implications of vitamin D deficiency, Mol. Nutr. Food Res, doi:10.1002/mnfr.201000174
Tan, Ho, Kalimuddin, Cherng, Teh et al., A cohort study to evaluate the effect of combination Vitamin D. Magnesium and Vitamin B12 (DMB) on progression to severe outcome in older COVID-19 patients, doi:10.1101/2020
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Van Belle, Gysemans, Mathieu, Vitamin D in autoimmune, infectious and allergic diseases: a vital player? Best, Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab, doi:10.1016/j.beem.2011.04.009
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