The association between vitamin D deficiency and the clinical outcomes of hospitalized COVID-19 patients

DOI record: { "DOI": "10.12688/f1000research.132214.4", "ISSN": [ "2046-1402" ], "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.132214.4", "abstract": "<ns3:p>Background Vitamin D deficiency is an emerging public health problem that affects more than one billion people worldwide. Vitamin D has been shown to be effective in preventing and reducing the severity of viral respiratory diseases, including influenza. However, the role of vitamin D in COVID-19 infection remains controversial. This study aimed to analyze the association of vitamin D deficiency on the clinical outcome of hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Methods A prospective cohort study was conducted among hospitalized COVID-19 patients at two COVID-19 referral hospitals in Indonesia from October 2021 until February 2022. Results The median serum 25(OH)D level in 191 hospitalized COVID-19 patients was 13.6 [IQR=10.98] ng/mL. The serum 25(OH)D levels were significantly lower among COVID-19 patients with vitamin D deficiency who had cardiovascular disease (p-value=0.04), the use of a ventilator (p-value=0.004), more severe COVID-19 cases (p-value=0.047), and mortality (p-value=0.002). Furthermore, serum 25(OH)D levels were significantly different between patients with mild and severe COVID-19 cases (p-value=0.019). Serum 25(OH)D levels in moderate and severe COVID-19 cases were significantly different (p-value=0.031). Lower serum 25(OH)D levels were significantly associated with an increased number of comorbidities (p-value=0.03), the severity of COVID-19 (p-value=0.002), and the use of mechanical ventilation (p-value=0.032). Mortality was found in 7.3% of patients with deficient vitamin D levels. However, patients with either sufficient or insufficient vitamin D levels did not develop mortality. Conclusions COVID-19 patients with vitamin D deficiency were significantly associated with having cardiovascular disease, mortality, more severe COVID-19 cases, and the used of mechanical ventilation. Lower serum 25(OH)D levels were associated with an increased number of comorbidities, COVID-19 severity, and the use of mechanical-ventilation. Thus, we suggest hospitalized COVID-19 patients to reach a sufficient vitamin D status to improve the clinical outcome of the disease.</ns3:p>", "assertion": [ { "URL": "https://f1000research.com/articles/12-394/v4#article-reports", "group": { "label": "Current Referee Status", "name": "current-referee-status" }, "label": "Referee status", "name": "referee-status", "order": 0, "value": "Indexed" }, { "URL": "https://f1000research.com/articles/12-394/v2#referee-response-178400", "group": { "label": "Article Reports", "name": "article-reports" }, "label": "Referee Report", "name": "referee-response-178400", "order": 0, "value": "10.5256/f1000research.148441.r178400, Shaun Sabico, Department of Biochemistry College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Riyadh Province, 14 Jun 2023, version 2, 1 approved, 1 not approved" }, { "URL": "https://f1000research.com/articles/12-394/v3#referee-response-205417", "group": { "label": "Article Reports", "name": "article-reports" }, "label": "Referee Report", "name": "referee-response-205417", "order": 1, "value": "10.5256/f1000research.155718.r205417, Parvaiz Koul, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 17 Oct 2023, version 3, 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations, 2 not approved" }, { "URL": "https://f1000research.com/articles/12-394/v4#referee-response-243971", "group": { "label": "Article Reports", "name": "article-reports" }, "label": "Referee Report", "name": "referee-response-243971", "order": 2, "value": "10.5256/f1000research.162135.r243971, Luigi di Filippo, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, 27 Feb 2024, version 4, indexed" }, { "URL": "https://f1000research.com/articles/12-394/v3#referee-response-233579", "group": { "label": "Article Reports", "name": "article-reports" }, "label": "Referee Report", "name": "referee-response-233579", "order": 3, "value": "10.5256/f1000research.155718.r233579, Guo-Xun Chen, Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 19 Jan 2024, version 3, 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations, 2 not approved" }, { "label": "Grant Information", "name": "grant-information", "order": 4, "value": "This research was funded by Directorate of Research and Development, Universitas Indonesia’s grant program “Hibah PUTI 2022” (grant number: ND-5463/UN2.F1.D1.4/PPM.00.00/2022). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript." }, { "label": "Copyright", "name": "copyright-info", "order": 0, "value": "This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited." } ], "author": [ { "ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3246-3352", "affiliation": [], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Rachman", "given": "Andhika", "sequence": "first" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Rahmaniyah", "given": "Rizky", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Khomeini", "given": "Andi", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Iriani", "given": "Anggraini", "sequence": "additional" } ], "container-title": "F1000Research", "container-title-short": "F1000Res", "content-domain": { "crossmark-restriction": false, "domain": [ "f1000research.com" ] }, "created": { "date-parts": [ [ 2024, 2, 5 ] ], "date-time": "2024-02-05T16:15:14Z", "timestamp": 1707149714000 }, "deposited": { "date-parts": [ [ 2024, 2, 27 ] ], "date-time": "2024-02-27T06:00:18Z", "timestamp": 1709013618000 }, "funder": [ { "award": [ "ND-5463/UN2.F1.D1.4/PPM.00.00/2022" ], "name": "This research was funded by Directorate of Research and Development, Universitas Indonesia’s grant program “Hibah PUTI 2022”" } ], "indexed": { "date-parts": [ [ 2024, 3, 3 ] ], "date-time": "2024-03-03T00:18:04Z", "timestamp": 1709425084653 }, "is-referenced-by-count": 0, "issued": { "date-parts": [ [ 2024, 2, 5 ] ] }, "language": "en", "license": [ { "URL": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "content-version": "tdm", "delay-in-days": 0, "start": { "date-parts": [ [ 2024, 2, 5 ] ], "date-time": "2024-02-05T00:00:00Z", "timestamp": 1707091200000 } } ], "link": [ { "URL": "https://f1000research.com/articles/12-394/v4/xml", "content-type": "application/xml", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "text-mining" }, { "URL": "https://f1000research.com/articles/12-394/v4/pdf", "content-type": "application/pdf", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "text-mining" }, { "URL": "https://f1000research.com/articles/12-394/v4/iparadigms", "content-type": "unspecified", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "similarity-checking" } ], "member": "2560", "original-title": [], "page": "394", "prefix": "10.12688", "published": { "date-parts": [ [ 2024, 2, 5 ] ] }, "published-online": { "date-parts": [ [ 2024, 2, 5 ] ] }, "publisher": "F1000 Research Ltd", "reference": [ { "DOI": "10.3389/fpubh.2021.736665", "article-title": "Vitamin D Status and SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 Clinical Outcomes.", "author": "I Chiodini", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Front. 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