The association between vitamin D deficiency and the clinical outcomes of hospitalized COVID-19 patients

{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2024, 3, 3]], 'date-time': '2024-03-03T00:18:04Z', 'timestamp': 1709425084653}, 'update-to': [ { 'updated': { 'date-parts': [[2024, 2, 5]], 'date-time': '2024-02-05T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1707091200000}, 'DOI': '10.12688/f1000research.132214.1', 'type': 'new_version', 'label': 'New version'}, { 'updated': { 'date-parts': [[2024, 2, 5]], 'date-time': '2024-02-05T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1707091200000}, 'DOI': '10.12688/f1000research.132214.2', 'type': 'new_version', 'label': 'New version'}, { 'updated': { 'date-parts': [[2024, 2, 5]], 'date-time': '2024-02-05T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1707091200000}, 'DOI': '10.12688/f1000research.132214.3', 'type': 'new_version', 'label': 'New version'}], 'reference-count': 99, 'publisher': 'F1000 Research Ltd', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2024, 2, 5]], 'date-time': '2024-02-05T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1707091200000}, 'content-version': 'tdm', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/'}], 'funder': [ { 'name': 'This research was funded by Directorate of Research and Development, Universitas ' 'Indonesia’s grant program “Hibah PUTI 2022”', 'award': ['ND-5463/UN2.F1.D1.4/PPM.00.00/2022']}], 'content-domain': {'domain': ['f1000research.com'], 'crossmark-restriction': False}, 'abstract': '<ns3:p>Background Vitamin D deficiency is an emerging public health problem that affects more ' 'than one billion people worldwide. Vitamin D has been shown to be effective in preventing and ' 'reducing the severity of viral respiratory diseases, including influenza. However, the role ' 'of vitamin D in COVID-19 infection remains controversial. This study aimed to analyze the ' 'association of vitamin D deficiency on the clinical outcome of hospitalized COVID-19 ' 'patients. Methods A prospective cohort study was conducted among hospitalized COVID-19 ' 'patients at two COVID-19 referral hospitals in Indonesia from October 2021 until February ' '2022. Results The median serum 25(OH)D level in 191 hospitalized COVID-19 patients was 13.6 ' '[IQR=10.98] ng/mL. The serum 25(OH)D levels were significantly lower among COVID-19 patients ' 'with vitamin D deficiency who had cardiovascular disease (p-value=0.04), the use of a ' 'ventilator (p-value=0.004), more severe COVID-19 cases (p-value=0.047), and mortality ' '(p-value=0.002). Furthermore, serum 25(OH)D levels were significantly different between ' 'patients with mild and severe COVID-19 cases (p-value=0.019). Serum 25(OH)D levels in ' 'moderate and severe COVID-19 cases were significantly different (p-value=0.031). Lower serum ' '25(OH)D levels were significantly associated with an increased number of comorbidities ' '(p-value=0.03), the severity of COVID-19 (p-value=0.002), and the use of mechanical ' 'ventilation (p-value=0.032). Mortality was found in 7.3% of patients with deficient vitamin D ' 'levels. However, patients with either sufficient or insufficient vitamin D levels did not ' 'develop mortality. Conclusions COVID-19 patients with vitamin D deficiency were significantly ' 'associated with having cardiovascular disease, mortality, more severe COVID-19 cases, and the ' 'used of mechanical ventilation. Lower serum 25(OH)D levels were associated with an increased ' 'number of comorbidities, COVID-19 severity, and the use of mechanical-ventilation. Thus, we ' 'suggest hospitalized COVID-19 patients to reach a sufficient vitamin D status to improve the ' 'clinical outcome of the disease.</ns3:p>', 'DOI': '10.12688/f1000research.132214.4', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': {'date-parts': [[2024, 2, 5]], 'date-time': '2024-02-05T16:15:14Z', 'timestamp': 1707149714000}, 'page': '394', 'update-policy': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.crossmark-policy', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 0, 'title': 'The association between vitamin D deficiency and the clinical outcomes of hospitalized COVID-19 ' 'patients', 'prefix': '10.12688', 'volume': '12', 'author': [ { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3246-3352', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Andhika', 'family': 'Rachman', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Rizky', 'family': 'Rahmaniyah', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Andi', 'family': 'Khomeini', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Anggraini', 'family': 'Iriani', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}], 'member': '2560', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2024, 2, 5]]}, 'reference': [ { 'key': 'ref1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.3389/fpubh.2021.736665', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D Status and SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 Clinical ' 'Outcomes.', 'volume': '9', 'author': 'I Chiodini', 'year': '2021 Dec 22', 'journal-title': 'Front. 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The funders had no role in study design, ' 'data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the ' 'manuscript.', 'order': 4, 'name': 'grant-information', 'label': 'Grant Information'}, { 'value': 'This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative ' 'Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and ' 'reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.', 'order': 0, 'name': 'copyright-info', 'label': 'Copyright'}]}