Frequency of COVID-19 Infection as a Function of Vitamin D Levels

DOI record: { "DOI": "10.3390/nu15071581", "ISSN": [ "2072-6643" ], "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15071581", "abstract": "<jats:p>Background: It has been speculated that higher concentrations of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25OHD) provide some protection against COVID-19. We assessed whether there is any relationship between 25OHD concentrations and the subsequent development of COVID-19 infection. Materials and Methods: Concentrations of 25OHD were measured in March–April 2020 in 134 healthy subjects (57 males), age range 6–50, from a single urban general practice in central Poland. Data on COVID-19 infection during the subsequent 12 months (prior to the vaccination program) were obtained from the national database of COVID-19 cases. None of the subjects received any 25OHD supplements. Results: The average 25OHD concentrations were 18.1 ± 7.39 ng/mL (37.3% had 25OHD above 20 ng/mL). Thirty-one (23.1%) patients developed COVID-19 infection, but an increased risk was only observed in individuals with 25OHD concentrations below 12 ng/mL (COVID-19 infection in 11 out of 25 patients (44%) with 25OHD &lt; 12 ng/mL versus 20 out of 109 (18.3%) for those with 25OHD above 12 ng/mL, p = 0.0063). Such a relationship was no longer observed for subjects with 25OHD concentrations above 20 ng/mL (p = 0.2787). Conclusions: Although only a minority of healthy subjects had 25OHD concentrations above 20 ng/mL in spring, an increased risk of subsequent COVID-19 infection was only observed in those with severe 25OHD deficiency (&lt;12 ng/mL).</jats:p>", "alternative-id": [ "nu15071581" ], "author": [ { "affiliation": [ { "name": "“Your Family Doctor”, General Practice Surgery, 93-324 Lodz, Poland" } ], "family": "Basińska-Lewandowska", "given": "Magdalena", "sequence": "first" }, { "ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9113-2804", "affiliation": [ { "name": "Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland" }, { "name": "Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital—Research Institute, 93-338 Lodz, Poland" } ], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Lewandowski", "given": "Krzysztof", "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3690-5368", "affiliation": [ { "name": "Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Lodz, 90-238 Lodz, Poland" } ], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Horzelski", "given": "Wojciech", "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8748-3337", "affiliation": [ { "name": "Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland" }, { "name": "Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital—Research Institute, 93-338 Lodz, Poland" } ], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Lewiński", "given": "Andrzej", "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0019-4269", "affiliation": [ { "name": "Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland" }, { "name": "Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital—Research Institute, 93-338 Lodz, Poland" } ], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Skowrońska-Jóźwiak", "given": "Elżbieta", "sequence": "additional" } ], "container-title": "Nutrients", "container-title-short": "Nutrients", "content-domain": { "crossmark-restriction": false, "domain": [] }, "created": { "date-parts": [ [ 2023, 3, 24 ] ], "date-time": "2023-03-24T12:43:03Z", "timestamp": 1679661783000 }, "deposited": { "date-parts": [ [ 2023, 3, 24 ] ], "date-time": "2023-03-24T13:46:22Z", "timestamp": 1679665582000 }, "funder": [ { "award": [ "503/1-107-03/503-11-001-19-00" ], "name": "Medical University of Lodz" } ], "indexed": { "date-parts": [ [ 2023, 3, 25 ] ], "date-time": "2023-03-25T04:46:42Z", "timestamp": 1679719602776 }, "is-referenced-by-count": 0, "issue": "7", "issued": { "date-parts": [ [ 2023, 3, 24 ] ] }, "journal-issue": { "issue": "7", "published-online": { "date-parts": [ [ 2023, 4 ] ] } }, "language": "en", "license": [ { "URL": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "content-version": "vor", "delay-in-days": 0, "start": { "date-parts": [ [ 2023, 3, 24 ] ], "date-time": "2023-03-24T00:00:00Z", "timestamp": 1679616000000 } } ], "link": [ { "URL": "https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/15/7/1581/pdf", "content-type": "unspecified", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "similarity-checking" } ], "member": "1968", "original-title": [], "page": "1581", "prefix": "10.3390", "published": { "date-parts": [ [ 2023, 3, 24 ] ] }, "published-online": { "date-parts": [ [ 2023, 3, 24 ] ] }, "publisher": "MDPI AG", "reference": [ { "DOI": "10.3390/nu10111656", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "ref_1", "unstructured": "Sassi, F., Tamone, C., and D’Amelio, P. 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