COVID-19 Mortality Risk Correlates Inversely with Vitamin D3 Status, and a Mortality Rate Close to Zero Could Theoretically Be Achieved at 50 ng/mL 25(OH)D3: Results of a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Lorenz Borsche, Bernd Glauner, Julian Von Mendel
Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu13103596
Risk Correlates Inversely with Vitamin D3 Status, and a Mortality Rate Close to Zero Could Theoretically Be Achieved at 50 ng/mL 25(OH)D3: Results of a Systematic Review and
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'abstract': '<jats:p>Background: Much research shows that blood calcidiol (25(OH)D3) levels correlate '
'strongly with SARS-CoV-2 infection severity. There is open discussion regarding whether low '
'D3 is caused by the infection or if deficiency negatively affects immune defense. The aim of '
'this study was to collect further evidence on this topic. Methods: Systematic literature '
'search was performed to identify retrospective cohort as well as clinical studies on COVID-19 '
'mortality rates versus D3 blood levels. Mortality rates from clinical studies were corrected '
'for age, sex, and diabetes. Data were analyzed using correlation and linear regression. '
'Results: One population study and seven clinical studies were identified, which reported D3 '
'blood levels preinfection or on the day of hospital admission. The two independent datasets '
'showed a negative Pearson correlation of D3 levels and mortality risk (r(17) = −0.4154, p = '
'0.0770/r(13) = −0.4886, p = 0.0646). For the combined data, median (IQR) D3 levels were 23.2 '
'ng/mL (17.4–26.8), and a significant Pearson correlation was observed (r(32) = −0.3989, p = '
'0.0194). Regression suggested a theoretical point of zero mortality at approximately 50 ng/mL '
'D3. Conclusions: The datasets provide strong evidence that low D3 is a predictor rather than '
'just a side effect of the infection. Despite ongoing vaccinations, we recommend raising serum '
'25(OH)D levels to above 50 ng/mL to prevent or mitigate new outbreaks due to escape mutations '
'or decreasing antibody activity.</jats:p>',
'DOI': '10.3390/nu13103596',
'type': 'journal-article',
'created': { 'date-parts': [[2021, 10, 15]],
'date-time': '2021-10-15T02:42:18Z',
'timestamp': 1634265738000},
'page': '3596',
'source': 'Crossref',
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'title': 'COVID-19 Mortality Risk Correlates Inversely with Vitamin D3 Status, and a Mortality Rate Close '
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'short-title': [],
'issued': {'date-parts': [[2021, 10, 14]]},
'references-count': 177,
'journal-issue': {'issue': '10', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2021, 10]]}},
'alternative-id': ['nu13103596'],
'URL': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13103596',
'relation': { 'has-preprint': [ { 'id-type': 'doi',
'id': '10.1101/2021.09.22.21263977',
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'ISSN': ['2072-6643'],
'subject': [],
'container-title-short': 'Nutrients',
'published': {'date-parts': [[2021, 10, 14]]}}
