Association between Average Vitamin D Levels and COVID-19 Mortality in 19 European Countries—A Population-Based Study
Amar S Ahmad, Nirmin F Juber, Heba Al-Naseri, Christian Heumann, Raghib Ali, Tim Oliver
Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu15224818
Early epidemic reports have linked low average 25(OH) vitamin D levels with increased COVID-19 mortality. However, there has been limited updated research on 25(OH) vitamin D and its impact on COVID-19 mortality. This study aimed to update the initial report studying the link between vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19 mortality by using multi-country data in 19 European countries up to the middle of June 2023. COVID-19 data for 19 European countries included in this study were
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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'abstract': '<jats:p>Early epidemic reports have linked low average 25(OH) vitamin D levels with increased '
'COVID-19 mortality. However, there has been limited updated research on 25(OH) vitamin D and '
'its impact on COVID-19 mortality. This study aimed to update the initial report studying the '
'link between vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19 mortality by using multi-country data in 19 '
'European countries up to the middle of June 2023. COVID-19 data for 19 European countries '
'included in this study were downloaded from Our World in Data from 1 March 2020, to 14 June '
'2023, and were included in the statistical analysis. The 25(OH) vitamin D average data were '
'collected by conducting a literature review. A generalized estimation equation model was used '
'to model the data. Compared to European countries with 25(OH) vitamin D levels of ≤50 nmol/L, '
'European countries with 25(OH) vitamin D average levels greater than >50 nmol/L had lower '
'COVID-19 mortality rates (RR = 0.794, 95% CI: 0.662–0.953). A statistically significant '
'negative Spearman rank correlation was observed between 25(OH) vitamin D average levels and '
'COVID-19 mortality. We also found significantly lower COVID-19 mortality rates in countries '
'with high average 25(OH) vitamin D levels. Randomized trials on vitamin D supplementation are '
'needed. In the meantime, the issue of vitamin D use should be debated in relation to the '
'ongoing discussions of national post-COVID-19 resilience against future pandemics.</jats:p>',
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