Vitamin D deficiency is associated with higher hospitalisation risk from COVID-19: a retrospective case-control study

DOI record: { "DOI": "10.1210/clinem/dgab439", "ISSN": [ "0021-972X", "1945-7197" ], "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgab439", "abstract": "<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>\n <jats:sec>\n <jats:title>Context</jats:title>\n <jats:p>One risk factor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is postulated to be vitamin D deficiency. To better understand the role of vitamin D deficiency in the disease course of COVID-19, we undertook a retrospective case-control study in North West England.</jats:p>\n </jats:sec>\n <jats:sec>\n <jats:title>Objective</jats:title>\n <jats:p>To examine whether hospitalization with COVID-19 is more prevalent in individuals with lower vitamin D levels.</jats:p>\n </jats:sec>\n <jats:sec>\n <jats:title>Methods</jats:title>\n <jats:p>The study included individuals with test results for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) between April 1, 2020, and January 29, 2021, from 2 districts in North West England. The last 25(OH)D level in the previous 12 months was categorized as “deficient” if less than 25 nmol/L and “insufficient” if 25 to 50 nmol/L.</jats:p>\n </jats:sec>\n <jats:sec>\n <jats:title>Results</jats:title>\n <jats:p>The study included 80 670 participants. Of these, 1808 were admitted to the hospital with COVID-19, of whom 670 died. In a primary cohort, median serum 25(OH)D in nonhospitalized participants with COVID-19 was 50.0 nmol/L (interquartile range [IQR], 34.0-66.7) vs 35.0 nmol/L (IQR, 21.0-57.0) in those admitted with COVID-19 (P &amp;lt; 0.005). In a validation cohort, median serum 25(OH)D was 47.1 nmol/L (IQR, 31.8-64.7) in nonhospitalized vs 33.0 nmol/L (IQR, 19.4-54.1) in hospitalized patients. Age-, sex-, and season-adjusted odds ratios for hospital admission were 2.3 to 2.4 times higher among participants with serum 25(OH)D &amp;lt;50 nmol/L compared with those with normal serum 25(OH)D levels, without excess mortality risk.</jats:p>\n </jats:sec>\n <jats:sec>\n <jats:title>Conclusion</jats:title>\n <jats:p>Vitamin D deficiency is associated with higher risk of COVID-19 hospitalization. Widespread measurement of serum 25(OH)D and treatment of insufficiency or deficiency may reduce this risk.</jats:p>\n </jats:sec>", "author": [ { "ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3186-4122", "affiliation": [ { "name": "Tameside and Glossop Integrated Care NHS Foundation Trust, Fountain Street, Ashton-under-Lyne, OL6 9RW, UK" }, { "name": "The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK" }, { "name": "Manchester Metropolitan University, All Saints Building, Manchester, M15 6BH, UK" } ], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Jude", "given": "Edward B", "sequence": "first" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "Tameside and Glossop Integrated Care NHS Foundation Trust, Fountain Street, Ashton-under-Lyne, OL6 9RW, UK" }, { "name": "The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK" } ], "family": "Ling", "given": "Stephanie F", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "Royal Preston Hospital, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sharoe Green Lane, Fulwood, Preston, PR2 9HT, UK" } ], "family": "Allcock", "given": "Rebecca", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK" } ], "family": "Yeap", "given": "Beverly X Y", "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0886-5255", "affiliation": [ { "name": "The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK" }, { "name": "Manchester Metropolitan University, All Saints Building, Manchester, M15 6BH, UK" }, { "name": "Royal Preston Hospital, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sharoe Green Lane, Fulwood, Preston, PR2 9HT, UK" } ], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Pappachan", "given": "Joseph M", "sequence": "additional" } ], "container-title": "The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism", "content-domain": { "crossmark-restriction": false, "domain": [] }, "created": { "date-parts": [ [ 2021, 6, 17 ] ], "date-time": "2021-06-17T23:19:01Z", "timestamp": 1623971941000 }, "deposited": { "date-parts": [ [ 2021, 12, 1 ] ], "date-time": "2021-12-01T13:39:44Z", "timestamp": 1638365984000 }, "indexed": { "date-parts": [ [ 2024, 4, 2 ] ], "date-time": "2024-04-02T14:17:55Z", "timestamp": 1712067475311 }, "is-referenced-by-count": 35, "issue": "11", "issued": { "date-parts": [ [ 2021, 6, 17 ] ] }, "journal-issue": { "issue": "11", "published-online": { "date-parts": [ [ 2021, 6, 17 ] ] }, "published-print": { "date-parts": [ [ 2021, 10, 21 ] ] } }, "language": "en", "license": [ { "URL": "https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model", "content-version": "vor", "delay-in-days": 0, "start": { "date-parts": [ [ 2021, 6, 17 ] ], "date-time": "2021-06-17T00:00:00Z", "timestamp": 1623888000000 } } ], "link": [ { "URL": "http://academic.oup.com/jcem/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1210/clinem/dgab439/38997824/dgab439.pdf", "content-type": "application/pdf", "content-version": "am", "intended-application": "syndication" }, { "URL": "https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-pdf/106/11/e4708/41378499/dgab439.pdf", "content-type": "application/pdf", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "syndication" }, { "URL": "https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-pdf/106/11/e4708/41378499/dgab439.pdf", "content-type": "unspecified", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "similarity-checking" } ], "member": "80", "original-title": [], "page": "e4708-e4715", "prefix": "10.1210", "published": { "date-parts": [ [ 2021, 6, 17 ] ] }, "published-online": { "date-parts": [ [ 2021, 6, 17 ] ] }, "published-other": { "date-parts": [ [ 2021, 11, 1 ] ] }, "published-print": { "date-parts": [ [ 2021, 10, 21 ] ] }, "publisher": "The Endocrine Society", "reference": [ { "DOI": "10.1016/j.nut.2020.111106", "article-title": "Increased risk for COVID-19 in patients with vitamin D deficiency", "author": "Katz", "doi-asserted-by": 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