Clinical comorbidities, characteristics, and outcomes of mechanically ventilated patients in the State of Michigan with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia

Krishnan et al., Journal of Clinical Anesthesia, doi:10.1016/j.jclinane.2020.110005, Jul 2020
Mortality 18% improvement lower risk ← → higher risk Zinc for COVID-19  Krishnan et al.  LATE TREATMENT Is late treatment with zinc beneficial for COVID-19? Retrospective 152 patients in the USA Lower mortality with zinc (not stat. sig., p=0.18) c19early.org Krishnan et al., J. Clinical Anesthesia, Jul 2020 0 0.5 1 1.5 2+ RR
Zinc for COVID-19
2nd treatment shown to reduce risk in July 2020, now with p = 0.00000028 from 47 studies, recognized in 23 countries.
Lower risk for mortality, ventilation, hospitalization, progression, recovery, and viral clearance.
No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols combine treatments.
6,200+ studies for 200+ treatments. c19early.org
Download Meta Analysis
Retrospective 152 mechanically ventilated patients in the USA showing unadjusted lower mortality with vitamin C, vitamin D, HCQ, and zinc treatment, statistically significant only for vitamin C.
Standard of Care (SOC) for COVID-19 in the study country, the USA, is very poor with very low average efficacy for approved treatments1. Only expensive, high-profit treatments were approved for early treatment. Low-cost treatments were excluded, reducing the probability of early treatment due to access and cost barriers, and eliminating complementary and synergistic benefits seen with many low-cost treatments. This may explain in part the very high mortality seen in this study. Results may differ in countries with improved SOC.
This study is excluded in the after exclusion results of meta analysis: unadjusted results with no group details.
Important missing comments or errors? Let us know.
Study covers zinc, vitamin D, vitamin C, and HCQ.
risk of death, 17.6% lower, RR 0.82, p = 0.18, treatment 31 of 58 (53.4%), control 61 of 94 (64.9%), NNT 8.7.
Effect extraction follows pre-specified rules prioritizing more serious outcomes. Submit updates
Krishnan et al., 20 Jul 2020, retrospective, USA, peer-reviewed, 13 authors.
$0 $500 $1,000+ Efficacy vs. cost for COVID-19 treatment protocols c19early.org November 2025 USA Russia Sudan Angola Colombia Kenya Mozambique Vietnam Peru Philippines Spain Brazil Italy France Japan Canada China Uzbekistan Nepal Ethiopia Iran Ghana Mexico South Korea Germany Bangladesh Saudi Arabia Algeria Morocco Yemen Poland India DR Congo Madagascar Thailand Uganda Venezuela Nigeria Egypt Bolivia Taiwan Zambia Fiji Bosnia-Herzegovina Ukraine Côte d'Ivoire Bulgaria Greece Slovakia Singapore Iceland New Zealand Czechia Mongolia Israel Trinidad and Tobago Hong Kong North Macedonia Belarus Qatar Panama Serbia CAR USA favored high-profit treatments.The average efficacy of treatments was very low.High-cost protocols reduce early treatment, andforgo complementary/synergistic benefits. More effective More expensive 75% 50% 25% ≤0%
$0 $500 $1,000+ Efficacy vs. cost for COVID-19treatment protocols worldwide c19early.org November 2025 USA Russia Sudan Angola Colombia Kenya Mozambique Vietnam Peru Philippines Spain Brazil Italy France Japan Canada China Uzbekistan Nepal Ethiopia Iran Ghana Mexico South Korea Germany Bangladesh Saudi Arabia Algeria Morocco Yemen Poland India DR Congo Madagascar Thailand Uganda Venezuela Nigeria Egypt Bolivia Taiwan Zambia Fiji Ukraine Côte d'Ivoire Eritrea Bulgaria Greece Slovakia Singapore New Zealand Malawi Czechia Mongolia Israel Trinidad and Tobago North Macedonia Belarus Qatar Panama Serbia Syria USA favored high-profit treatments.The average efficacy was very low.High-cost protocols reduce early treatment,and forgo complementary/synergistic benefits. More effective More expensive 75% 50% 25% ≤0%
Clinical comorbidities, characteristics, and outcomes of mechanically ventilated patients in the State of Michigan with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia
Sandeep Krishnan, Kinjal Patel, Ronak Desai, Anupam Sule, Peter Paik, Ashley Miller, Alicia Barclay, Adam Cassella, Jon Lucaj, Yvonne Royster, Joffer Hakim, Zulfiqar Ahmed, Farhad Ghoddoussi
Journal of Clinical Anesthesia, doi:10.1016/j.jclinane.2020.110005
Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre -including this research content -immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.
References
Huang, Wang, Li, Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China, Lancet
Richardson, Hirsch, Narasimhan, Presenting characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes among 5700 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the New York City area, JAMA
Sandeep Krishnan A,B,C, Patel D,E, Desai D,E , Anupam Sule F,G, Paik, Miller et al., None
Zhou, Yu, Du, Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study, Lancet
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Late treatment
is less effective
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