COVID-19 treatment efficacy timeline

Inhaled Heparin Cetylpyridinium Chloride Azelastine SA58 Azvudine Chlorpheniramine NaCl Tixagevimab/c.. Sodium Bicarbonate Paxlovid Regdanvimab Vitamin B12 Sunlight Phthalocyanine Montelukast Alkalinization Fluvoxamine Famotidine Molnupiravir Quercetin Diet Bamlanivimab/e.. Hydrogen Peroxide TMPRSS2 inhibitors Budesonide Probiotics Casirivimab/i.. Sleep Curcumin Povidone-Iodine Nigella Sativa Tocilizumab Melatonin H1RAs Acetaminophen ↑risk Exercise Vitamin D Antiandrogens Vitamin C PPIs ↑risk Colchicine Ivermectin Metformin Zinc HCQ 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Pooled outcomes Specific outcome RCT pooled RCT specific Statistically significant ≥10% improvement ≥3 studies c19early.org November 2025 Time when COVID-19 studies showed efficacy
Inhaled Heparin CPC Azelastine SA58 Azvudine Chlorpheniramine NaCl Tixagevimab/c.. Sodium Bicarb.. Paxlovid Regdanvimab Vitamin B12 Sunlight Phthalocyanine Montelukast Alkalinization Fluvoxamine Famotidine Molnupiravir Quercetin Diet Bamlanivimab/e.. Hydrogen Peroxide TMPRSS2 inhibitors Budesonide Probiotics Casirivimab/i.. Sleep Curcumin Povidone-Iodine Nigella Sativa Tocilizumab Melatonin H1RAs Acetaminophen ↑risk Exercise Vitamin D Antiandrogens Vitamin C PPIs ↑risk Colchicine Ivermectin Metformin Zinc HCQ 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Pooled outcomes Specific outcome RCT pooled RCT specific Statistically significant ≥10% improvement ≥3 studies c19early.org November 2025 Time when COVID-19 studies showed efficacy
The time when studies indicated that treatments were effective, defined as statistically significant improvement of ≥10% from ≥3 studies. 0.5% of 10,580 proposed treatments have been identified as effective. Results reflect conditions as used in trials to date and depend on many factors including the population treated, treatment delay, and treatment regimen. Click the treatment name to see all studies, where the name of each study can be clicked on for the source paper. No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic. Treatment efficacy may vary by variant, especially for monoclonal antibodies. All treatments have potential side effects which may exceed benefits. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. Submit Corrections or Updates
Currently, 59 of the treatments we analyze show statistically significant efficacy or harm, defined as ≥10% decreased risk or >0% increased risk from ≥3 studies.
RCT confirmation adds 7.7+ months delay. Of the 59 treatments with significant efficacy/harm, 54% have been confirmed in RCTs, with a mean delay of 7.7 months (62% with 8.5 months delay for low-cost treatments). The remaining treatments either have no RCTs, or the point estimate is consistent.
Specific outcome confirmation adds 4.9+ months delay. 85% of treatments showing significant efficacy/harm with pooled effects have been confirmed with specific outcomes, with a mean delay of 4.9 months.
Specific outcome confirmation for RCTs adds 6.8+ months delay. When restricting to RCTs only, 53% of treatments showing statistically significant efficacy/harm with pooled effects have been confirmed with one or more specific outcomes, with a mean delay of 6.8 months.
● Pooled outcome analysis with the most serious outcome reported
● Specific outcome analysis
● Pooled outcome analysis for RCTs only
● Specific outcome analysis for RCTs only