COVID-19 early treatment journals

Authors have reported difficulty publishing positive studies for low-cost COVID-19 treatments, with papers being returned without review after months-long delays. We provide analysis of the journals that have published positive studies.

Low-cost journals · Low-cost treatments · High-profit journals

Journals publishing positive low-cost COVID‑19 treatment studies

c19early.org

November 2026

Authors have reported difficulty publishing positive studies for low-cost treatments, with papers being returned without review after months-long delays. These journals have published positive studies. Citation impact is from OpenAlex. Select a column header to sort.

Each square is one study
Impact, higher is better

Journals publishing positive low-cost COVID-19 treatment studies. Sorted by number of studies.
			Treatments
Nutrients	6.45	19 studies	Vitamin D 14 Diet 2 Exercise1 Probiotics1 Vitamin C1
Scientific Reports	5.23	18 studies	Vitamin D 4 Metformin 3 Azvudine 2 Azithromycin1 Diet1 H1RAs1 HCQ1 Indomethacin1 Nitric Oxide1 Phthalocyan..1 Povidone-Iod..1 Propolis1
PLOS ONE	3.41	16 studies	Colchicine 3 HCQ 3 Metformin 3 Sleep 2 AgNP1 Aspirin1 Exercise1 Ibuprofen1 Ivermectin1
International Journal of Infectious Diseases	2.58	15 studies	HCQ 5 Ivermectin 5 Ammonium Chloride1 Favipiravir1 Inosine Pran..1 Melatonin1 Zinc1
Journal of Clinical Medicine	3.91	13 studies	HCQ 3 Exercise 2 Antiandrogens1 Colchicine1 H1RAs1 Lactoferrin1 Melatonin1 NaCl1 Sleep1 Vitamin D1
Frontiers in Medicine	2.58	13 studies	Antiandrogens 2 Azvudine 2 Probiotics 2 Diet1 Ivermectin1 Nitazoxanide1 Povidone-Iod..1 Thermotherapy1 UDCA1 Zinc1
Cureus	1.16	13 studies	Ivermectin 4 Antiandrogens 3 HCQ 2 Vitamin C 2 Famotidine1 Metformin1
Frontiers in Pharmacology	5.16	11 studies	Azvudine1 Camostat1 Curcumin1 Favipiravir1 Fluvoxamine1 HCQ1 Nigella Sativa1 Quercetin1 UDCA1 Vitamin C1 Vitamin D1
BMC Infectious Diseases	3.16	11 studies	Ivermectin 3 HCQ 2 Azithromycin1 Azvudine1 Dexamethas..1 Diet1 Metformin1 Vitamin D1
Phytotherapy Research	7.24	10 studies	Nigella Sativa 4 Curcumin 3 Andrograph..1 Colchicine1 Propolis1
Journal of Medical Virology	3.50	10 studies	Aspirin1 Azvudine1 Chlorhexidine1 HCQ1 Ivermectin1 Melatonin1 Metformin1 Montelukast1 N-acetylcys..1 Nitazoxanide1
Journal of Infection	7.04	9 studies	Azvudine 2 Aspirin1 Favipiravir1 HCQ1 Ivermectin1 N-acetylcys..1 Nitric Oxide1 Vitamin D1
Frontiers in Nutrition	4.45	8 studies	Diet 5 Antiandrogens1 Curcumin1 Vitamin D1
International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents	4.20	8 studies	HCQ 4 Azithromycin1 Ivermectin1 Nafamostat1 Zinc1
BMJ Open	2.62	8 studies	Exercise 5 Metformin 2 Zinc1
JAMA Network Open	9.91	7 studies	Colchicine 2 Aspirin1 Dexamethas..1 Exercise1 Fluvoxamine1 Sleep1
eClinicalMedicine	12.38	5 studies	Azvudine1 Camostat1 Fluvoxamine1 Ivermectin1 Nitazoxanide1
Biomedicines	5.28	5 studies	Vitamin D 2 HCQ1 Metformin1 Probiotics1
Journal of Infection and Public Health	3.92	5 studies	Azvudine1 Colchicine1 Exercise1 Favipiravir1 Fluvoxamine1
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health	3.78	5 studies	Vitamin D 2 Exercise1 Lactoferrin1 Vitamin C1
Frontiers in Public Health	3.59	5 studies	Alkalinization1 Exercise1 HCQ1 Ivermectin1 Vitamin D1
Journal of Endocrinological Investigation	3.53	5 studies	Vitamin D 4 Antiandrogens1
Infection and Drug Resistance	2.85	5 studies	Azvudine1 Diet1 Ivermectin1 Sleep1 Vitamin C1
Open Forum Infectious Diseases	1.21	5 studies	HCQ 3 Favipiravir1 Fluvoxamine1
Clinical Infectious Diseases	5.96	4 studies	Favipiravir 2 Metformin1 Zinc1
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition	5.49	4 studies	Vitamin D 2 Diet1 Sunlight1
Infectious Diseases and Therapy	5.33	4 studies	Exercise1 Favipiravir1 Ibuprofen1 Metformin1
Microorganisms	5.29	4 studies	Azvudine1 Fluvoxamine1 Metformin1 UDCA1
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology	4.72	4 studies	Azvudine 3 UDCA1
Frontiers in Endocrinology	4.69	4 studies	Metformin 3 Azvudine1
International Journal of General Medicine	2.46	4 studies	Quercetin 2 Colchicine1 Iota-carragee..1
Internal and Emergency Medicine	2.09	4 studies	HCQ 3 Vitamin C1
Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases	1.57	4 studies	HCQ 3 Colchicine1
Diabetes Care	13.92	3 studies	Metformin 3
Heliyon	9.45	3 studies	AgNP1 Colchicine1 HCQ1
Advanced Science	9.41	3 studies	Azvudine 2 N-acetylcys..1
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy	8.76	3 studies	Metformin1 Propolis1 Vitamin D1
JAMA Internal Medicine	7.53	3 studies	Azelastine1 Diet1 Metformin1
British Journal of Sports Medicine	6.64	3 studies	Exercise 3
Inflammopharmacology	5.39	3 studies	Antiandrogens1 Melatonin1 Vitamin C1
BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care	4.92	3 studies	Metformin 3
European Journal of Pharmacology	4.73	3 studies	Curcumin1 Melatonin1 Quercetin1
Viruses	4.57	3 studies	Favipiravir1 H1RAs1 Sentinox1
Virology Journal	4.31	3 studies	H1RAs1 Quercetin1 UDCA1
Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease	3.90	3 studies	HCQ 3
BMC Nutrition	2.98	3 studies	Exercise1 Probiotics1 Zinc1
Archives of Medical Research	2.92	3 studies	Aspirin1 Melatonin1 Vitamin D1
Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice	2.79	3 studies	Metformin 2 HCQ1
BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health	2.64	3 studies	Diet1 Probiotics1 Sleep1
Trials	2.42	3 studies	Curcumin1 Ivermectin1 Vitamin A1
The Clinical Respiratory Journal	1.99	3 studies	Budesonide1 Montelukast1 Selenium1
New Microbes and New Infections	1.88	3 studies	HCQ 2 Nitazoxanide1
Archivos de Bronconeumología	1.79	3 studies	Aspirin1 HCQ1 Ivermectin1
COVID	1.10	3 studies	Ibuprofen1 Resveratrol1 Sunlight1
Chest	0.00	3 studies	Antiandrogens1 Ivermectin1 Melatonin1
QJM: An International Journal of Medicine	0.00	3 studies	Budesonide1 Ivermectin1 Vitamin C1
Nature Communications	18.31	2 studies	Exercise1 Niclosamide1
Gut	11.26	2 studies	Diet1 Famotidine1
Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B	10.38	2 studies	Azvudine 2
European Respiratory Journal	9.12	2 studies	Lopinavir/r..1 Nitazoxanide1
PLOS Medicine	8.43	2 studies	Favipiravir1 HCQ1
Pharmaceutics	7.95	2 studies	Ivermectin1 Xylitol1
Pharmaceuticals	6.26	2 studies	H1RAs1 Mebendazole1
International Immunopharmacology	6.18	2 studies	Favipiravir1 HCQ1
Science China Life Sciences	5.56	2 studies	HCQ 2
Frontiers in Immunology	5.55	2 studies	Spirulina1 Vitamin C1
Brain, Behavior, and Immunity	5.38	2 studies	Exercise 2
Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism	5.36	2 studies	Metformin 2
RMD Open	5.21	2 studies	Colchicine1 HCQ1
Journal of Personalized Medicine	5.03	2 studies	Alkalinization1 Exercise1
Aging	4.85	2 studies	Vitamin C1 Vitamin D1
BMC Cancer	3.93	2 studies	Azvudine1 Epigallocatechin Gallate1
Complementary Therapies in Medicine	3.80	2 studies	Curcumin1 Nigella Sativa1
Healthcare	3.57	2 studies	Vitamin D1 Zinc1
Medicina	3.56	2 studies	Diet1 Vitamin D1
The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology	3.56	2 studies	Vitamin D 2
Yonsei Medical Journal	2.72	2 studies	Aspirin1 Darunavir1
British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology	2.48	2 studies	Fluvoxamine1 Melatonin1
Journal of General Internal Medicine	2.28	2 studies	Metformin1 Vitamin D1
Journal of Intensive Care Medicine	2.13	2 studies	Aspirin1 Budesonide1
Clinical Rheumatology	2.12	2 studies	HCQ 2
Journal of Physical Activity and Health	2.05	2 studies	Exercise 2
Medicine	2.04	2 studies	Aspirin1 Thermotherapy1
Advances in Virology	2.00	2 studies	Favipiravir1 Mebendazole1
Heart & Lung	2.00	2 studies	HCQ1 Vitamin B121
IJC Heart & Vasculature	1.97	2 studies	HCQ1 Metformin1
Annals of Oncology	1.74	2 studies	Antiandrogens 2
Journal of International Medical Research	1.72	2 studies	Ivermectin1 N-acetylcys..1
The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries	1.68	2 studies	Colchicine1 HCQ1
Blood	1.61	2 studies	Aspirin1 UDCA1
Minerva Medica	1.38	2 studies	Probiotics 2
Lung India	1.10	2 studies	Budesonide1 Zinc1
Clinical Nutrition ESPEN	1.07	2 studies	Diet1 Zinc1
Medicina Clínica	1.06	2 studies	Exercise1 HCQ1
Indian Journal of Community Medicine	1.01	2 studies	HCQ1 NaCl1
Pan African Medical Journal	0.96	2 studies	HCQ1 Vitamin C1
Bratislava Medical Journal	0.94	2 studies	Favipiravir1 Vitamin D1
Pulmonologiya	0.90	2 studies	Exercise1 N-acetylcys..1
Gastroenterology	0.72	2 studies	Famotidine1 N-acetylcys..1
Clinical Infection in Practice	0.62	2 studies	Favipiravir1 HCQ1
European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences	0.59	2 studies	Ivermectin1 Spirulina1
Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences	0.25	2 studies	Ivermectin1 Nigella Sativa1
The Professional Medical Journal	0.15	2 studies	Ivermectin 2
Journal of the Indian Medical Association	0.01	2 studies	Indomethacin1 Ivermectin1

Low-cost treatments and the journals that published them

c19early.org

November 2026

Authors have reported difficulty publishing positive studies for low-cost treatments, with papers being returned without review after months-long delays. This table shows journals that have published positive studies. Citation impact is from OpenAlex.

Each square is one study
13.92 Impact, higher is better

Low-cost treatments and the journals that published them. Treatments ranked by number of studies; journals highest impact first.
Treatment	Studies	Journals
HCQ	56 studies	32 journals	9.45Heliyon1 8.43PLOS Medicine1 7.04Journal of Infection1 6.18International Immunopharmacology1 5.56Science China Life Sciences 2 5.28Biomedicines1 5.23Scientific Reports1 5.21RMD Open1 5.16Frontiers in Pharmacology1 4.20International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 4 3.91Journal of Clinical Medicine 3 3.90Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease 3 3.59Frontiers in Public Health1 3.50Journal of Medical Virology1 3.41PLOS ONE 3 3.16BMC Infectious Diseases 2 2.79Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice1 2.58International Journal of Infectious Diseases 5 2.12Clinical Rheumatology 2 2.09Internal and Emergency Medicine 3 2.00Heart & Lung1 1.97IJC Heart & Vasculature1 1.88New Microbes and New Infections 2 1.79Archivos de Bronconeumología1 1.68The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries1 1.57Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 3 1.21Open Forum Infectious Diseases 3 1.16Cureus 2 1.06Medicina Clínica1 1.01Indian Journal of Community Medicine1 0.96Pan African Medical Journal1 0.62Clinical Infection in Practice1
Vitamin D	43 studies	20 journals	8.76Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy1 7.04Journal of Infection1 6.45Nutrients 14 5.49The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2 5.28Biomedicines 2 5.23Scientific Reports 4 5.16Frontiers in Pharmacology1 4.85Aging1 4.45Frontiers in Nutrition1 3.91Journal of Clinical Medicine1 3.78International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2 3.59Frontiers in Public Health1 3.57Healthcare1 3.56Medicina1 3.56The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2 3.53Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 4 3.16BMC Infectious Diseases1 2.92Archives of Medical Research1 2.28Journal of General Internal Medicine1 0.94Bratislava Medical Journal1
Metformin	32 studies	19 journals	13.92Diabetes Care 3 8.76Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy1 7.53JAMA Internal Medicine1 5.96Clinical Infectious Diseases1 5.36Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 2 5.33Infectious Diseases and Therapy1 5.29Microorganisms1 5.28Biomedicines1 5.23Scientific Reports 3 4.92BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care 3 4.69Frontiers in Endocrinology 3 3.50Journal of Medical Virology1 3.41PLOS ONE 3 3.16BMC Infectious Diseases1 2.79Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2 2.62BMJ Open 2 2.28Journal of General Internal Medicine1 1.97IJC Heart & Vasculature1 1.16Cureus1
Ivermectin	31 studies	21 journals	12.38eClinicalMedicine1 7.95Pharmaceutics1 7.04Journal of Infection1 4.20International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents1 3.59Frontiers in Public Health1 3.50Journal of Medical Virology1 3.41PLOS ONE1 3.16BMC Infectious Diseases 3 2.85Infection and Drug Resistance1 2.58Frontiers in Medicine1 2.58International Journal of Infectious Diseases 5 2.42Trials1 1.79Archivos de Bronconeumología1 1.72Journal of International Medical Research1 1.16Cureus 4 0.59European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences1 0.25Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences1 0.15The Professional Medical Journal 2 0.01Journal of the Indian Medical Association1 0.00Chest1 0.00QJM: An International Journal of Medicine1
Exercise	26 studies	17 journals	18.31Nature Communications1 9.91JAMA Network Open1 6.64British Journal of Sports Medicine 3 6.45Nutrients1 5.38Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 2 5.33Infectious Diseases and Therapy1 5.03Journal of Personalized Medicine1 3.92Journal of Infection and Public Health1 3.91Journal of Clinical Medicine 2 3.78International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health1 3.59Frontiers in Public Health1 3.41PLOS ONE1 2.98BMC Nutrition1 2.62BMJ Open 5 2.05Journal of Physical Activity and Health 2 1.06Medicina Clínica1 0.90Pulmonologiya1
Azvudine	22 studies	15 journals	12.38eClinicalMedicine1 10.38Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B 2 9.41Advanced Science 2 7.04Journal of Infection 2 5.29Microorganisms1 5.23Scientific Reports 2 5.16Frontiers in Pharmacology1 4.72Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology 3 4.69Frontiers in Endocrinology1 3.93BMC Cancer1 3.92Journal of Infection and Public Health1 3.50Journal of Medical Virology1 3.16BMC Infectious Diseases1 2.85Infection and Drug Resistance1 2.58Frontiers in Medicine 2
Diet	17 studies	12 journals	11.26Gut1 7.53JAMA Internal Medicine1 6.45Nutrients 2 5.49The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition1 5.23Scientific Reports1 4.45Frontiers in Nutrition 5 3.56Medicina1 3.16BMC Infectious Diseases1 2.85Infection and Drug Resistance1 2.64BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health1 2.58Frontiers in Medicine1 1.07Clinical Nutrition ESPEN1
Favipiravir	14 studies	13 journals	8.43PLOS Medicine1 7.04Journal of Infection1 6.18International Immunopharmacology1 5.96Clinical Infectious Diseases 2 5.33Infectious Diseases and Therapy1 5.16Frontiers in Pharmacology1 4.57Viruses1 3.92Journal of Infection and Public Health1 2.58International Journal of Infectious Diseases1 2.00Advances in Virology1 1.21Open Forum Infectious Diseases1 0.94Bratislava Medical Journal1 0.62Clinical Infection in Practice1
Colchicine	13 studies	10 journals	9.91JAMA Network Open 2 9.45Heliyon1 7.24Phytotherapy Research1 5.21RMD Open1 3.92Journal of Infection and Public Health1 3.91Journal of Clinical Medicine1 3.41PLOS ONE 3 2.46International Journal of General Medicine1 1.68The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries1 1.57Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases1
Vitamin C	12 studies	11 journals	6.45Nutrients1 5.55Frontiers in Immunology1 5.39Inflammopharmacology1 5.16Frontiers in Pharmacology1 4.85Aging1 3.78International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health1 2.85Infection and Drug Resistance1 2.09Internal and Emergency Medicine1 1.16Cureus 2 0.96Pan African Medical Journal1 0.00QJM: An International Journal of Medicine1
Antiandrogens	12 studies	8 journals	5.39Inflammopharmacology1 4.45Frontiers in Nutrition1 3.91Journal of Clinical Medicine1 3.53Journal of Endocrinological Investigation1 2.58Frontiers in Medicine 2 1.74Annals of Oncology 2 1.16Cureus 3 0.00Chest1
Aspirin	10 studies	10 journals	9.91JAMA Network Open1 7.04Journal of Infection1 3.50Journal of Medical Virology1 3.41PLOS ONE1 2.92Archives of Medical Research1 2.72Yonsei Medical Journal1 2.13Journal of Intensive Care Medicine1 2.04Medicine1 1.79Archivos de Bronconeumología1 1.61Blood1
Zinc	9 studies	9 journals	5.96Clinical Infectious Diseases1 4.20International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents1 3.57Healthcare1 2.98BMC Nutrition1 2.62BMJ Open1 2.58Frontiers in Medicine1 2.58International Journal of Infectious Diseases1 1.10Lung India1 1.07Clinical Nutrition ESPEN1
Melatonin	8 studies	8 journals	5.39Inflammopharmacology1 4.73European Journal of Pharmacology1 3.91Journal of Clinical Medicine1 3.50Journal of Medical Virology1 2.92Archives of Medical Research1 2.58International Journal of Infectious Diseases1 2.48British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology1 0.00Chest1
Curcumin	8 studies	6 journals	7.24Phytotherapy Research 3 5.16Frontiers in Pharmacology1 4.73European Journal of Pharmacology1 4.45Frontiers in Nutrition1 3.80Complementary Therapies in Medicine1 2.42Trials1
Probiotics	8 studies	6 journals	6.45Nutrients1 5.28Biomedicines1 2.98BMC Nutrition1 2.64BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health1 2.58Frontiers in Medicine 2 1.38Minerva Medica 2
Fluvoxamine	7 studies	7 journals	12.38eClinicalMedicine1 9.91JAMA Network Open1 5.29Microorganisms1 5.16Frontiers in Pharmacology1 3.92Journal of Infection and Public Health1 2.48British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology1 1.21Open Forum Infectious Diseases1
Nigella Sativa	7 studies	4 journals	7.24Phytotherapy Research 4 5.16Frontiers in Pharmacology1 3.80Complementary Therapies in Medicine1 0.25Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences1
N-acetylcys..	6 studies	6 journals	9.41Advanced Science1 7.04Journal of Infection1 3.50Journal of Medical Virology1 1.72Journal of International Medical Research1 0.90Pulmonologiya1 0.72Gastroenterology1
UDCA	6 studies	6 journals	5.29Microorganisms1 5.16Frontiers in Pharmacology1 4.72Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology1 4.31Virology Journal1 2.58Frontiers in Medicine1 1.61Blood1
Sleep	6 studies	5 journals	9.91JAMA Network Open1 3.91Journal of Clinical Medicine1 3.41PLOS ONE 2 2.85Infection and Drug Resistance1 2.64BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health1
H1RAs	5 studies	5 journals	6.26Pharmaceuticals1 5.23Scientific Reports1 4.57Viruses1 4.31Virology Journal1 3.91Journal of Clinical Medicine1
Nitazoxanide	5 studies	5 journals	12.38eClinicalMedicine1 9.12European Respiratory Journal1 3.50Journal of Medical Virology1 2.58Frontiers in Medicine1 1.88New Microbes and New Infections1
Quercetin	5 studies	4 journals	5.16Frontiers in Pharmacology1 4.73European Journal of Pharmacology1 4.31Virology Journal1 2.46International Journal of General Medicine 2
Budesonide	4 studies	4 journals	2.13Journal of Intensive Care Medicine1 1.99The Clinical Respiratory Journal1 1.10Lung India1 0.00QJM: An International Journal of Medicine1
Azithromycin	3 studies	3 journals	5.23Scientific Reports1 4.20International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents1 3.16BMC Infectious Diseases1
Famotidine	3 studies	3 journals	11.26Gut1 1.16Cureus1 0.72Gastroenterology1
Ibuprofen	3 studies	3 journals	5.33Infectious Diseases and Therapy1 3.41PLOS ONE1 1.10COVID1
Propolis	3 studies	3 journals	8.76Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy1 7.24Phytotherapy Research1 5.23Scientific Reports1
AgNP	2 studies	2 journals	9.45Heliyon1 3.41PLOS ONE1
Alkalinization	2 studies	2 journals	5.03Journal of Personalized Medicine1 3.59Frontiers in Public Health1
Camostat	2 studies	2 journals	12.38eClinicalMedicine1 5.16Frontiers in Pharmacology1
Dexamethas..	2 studies	2 journals	9.91JAMA Network Open1 3.16BMC Infectious Diseases1
Indomethacin	2 studies	2 journals	5.23Scientific Reports1 0.01Journal of the Indian Medical Association1
Lactoferrin	2 studies	2 journals	3.91Journal of Clinical Medicine1 3.78International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health1
Mebendazole	2 studies	2 journals	6.26Pharmaceuticals1 2.00Advances in Virology1
Montelukast	2 studies	2 journals	3.50Journal of Medical Virology1 1.99The Clinical Respiratory Journal1
NaCl	2 studies	2 journals	3.91Journal of Clinical Medicine1 1.01Indian Journal of Community Medicine1
Nitric Oxide	2 studies	2 journals	7.04Journal of Infection1 5.23Scientific Reports1
Povidone-Iod..	2 studies	2 journals	5.23Scientific Reports1 2.58Frontiers in Medicine1
Spirulina	2 studies	2 journals	5.55Frontiers in Immunology1 0.59European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences1
Sunlight	2 studies	2 journals	5.49The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition1 1.10COVID1
Thermotherapy	2 studies	2 journals	2.58Frontiers in Medicine1 2.04Medicine1
Ammonium Chloride	1 study	1 journal	2.58International Journal of Infectious Diseases1
Andrograph..	1 study	1 journal	7.24Phytotherapy Research1
Azelastine	1 study	1 journal	7.53JAMA Internal Medicine1
Chlorhexidine	1 study	1 journal	3.50Journal of Medical Virology1
Darunavir	1 study	1 journal	2.72Yonsei Medical Journal1
Epigallocatechin Gallate	1 study	1 journal	3.93BMC Cancer1
Inosine Pran..	1 study	1 journal	2.58International Journal of Infectious Diseases1
Iota-carragee..	1 study	1 journal	2.46International Journal of General Medicine1
Lopinavir/r..	1 study	1 journal	9.12European Respiratory Journal1
Nafamostat	1 study	1 journal	4.20International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents1
Niclosamide	1 study	1 journal	18.31Nature Communications1
Phthalocyan..	1 study	1 journal	5.23Scientific Reports1
Resveratrol	1 study	1 journal	1.10COVID1
Selenium	1 study	1 journal	1.99The Clinical Respiratory Journal1
Sentinox	1 study	1 journal	4.57Viruses1
Vitamin A	1 study	1 journal	2.42Trials1
Vitamin B12	1 study	1 journal	2.00Heart & Lung1
Xylitol	1 study	1 journal	7.95Pharmaceutics1

Journals publishing positive high-profit COVID‑19 treatment studies

c19early.org

November 2026

Journals publishing positive studies of high-profit treatments. Citation impact is from OpenAlex. Select a column header to sort.

Each square is one study
Impact, higher is better

Journals publishing positive high-profit COVID-19 treatment studies. Sorted by number of studies.
			Treatments
Clinical Infectious Diseases	5.96	19 studies	Paxlovid 6 Remdesivir 4 Ensitrelvir 2 Tixagev../c..2 Ibuzatrelvir1 Icatibant1 Pemivibart1 Sarilumab1 Tocilizumab1
New England Journal of Medicine	32.40	15 studies	Paxlovid 4 Tocilizumab 2 Bamlaniv../e..1 Conv. Plasma1 Ensitrelvir1 Molnupiravir1 Peg.. Lambda1 Remdesivir1 Sarilumab1 Tixagev../c..1 Xiannuoxin1
Open Forum Infectious Diseases	1.21	10 studies	Bamlaniv../e..2 Casirivimab/i..2 Regdanvimab 2 Adintrevimab1 Ensovibep1 Paxlovid1 Sargramostim1
The Lancet Infectious Diseases	12.09	7 studies	Paxlovid 3 Deuremidevir1 Ensitrelvir1 Molnupiravir1 Sipavibart1
eClinicalMedicine	12.38	6 studies	Leritrelvir 2 Amubarv../r..1 Atilotrelvir1 Inhaled Heparin1 Tocilizumab1
JAMA	9.53	5 studies	Bamlaniv../e..1 Casirivimab/i..1 Conv. Plasma1 P2Y121 Sotrovimab1
Infectious Diseases and Therapy	5.33	5 studies	Ensitrelvir1 Molnupiravir1 Regdanvimab1 Ropeginterferon alfa-2b1 Tocilizumab1
International Journal of Infectious Diseases	2.58	5 studies	Bebtelovimab1 Casirivimab/i..1 Nintedanib1 Paxlovid1 Regdanvimab1
Cureus	1.16	5 studies	Bamlaniv../e..2 Proxalutamide 2 Molnupiravir1
The Lancet	21.04	4 studies	Molnupiravir 2 Casirivimab/i..1 Tocilizumab1
Emerging Microbes & Infections	7.48	4 studies	Deuremidevir1 Molnupiravir1 Paxlovid1 SA581
The Journal of Infectious Diseases	4.10	4 studies	Casirivimab/i..2 Remdesivir1 Sotrovimab1
NEJM	32.40	3 studies	Casirivimab/i..1 Conv. Plasma1 Remdesivir1
The Lancet Respiratory Medicine	11.52	3 studies	Tixagev../c..2 Peg.. Lambda1
JAMA Internal Medicine	7.53	3 studies	Tocilizumab 2 Paxlovid1
Journal of Infection	7.04	3 studies	Molnupiravir 2 Paxlovid1
Annals of Internal Medicine	4.96	3 studies	Paxlovid 2 Casirivimab/i..1
Clinical Microbiology and Infection	4.69	3 studies	Tocilizumab 2 Paxlovid1
Viruses	4.57	3 studies	Sotrovimab 2 Remdesivir1
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy	4.31	3 studies	Remdesivir 2 Paxlovid1
Journal of Clinical Investigation	10.78	2 studies	Bamlaniv../e..1 Conv. Plasma1
JAMA Network Open	9.91	2 studies	Ensitrelvir1 Paxlovid1
The Lancet Rheumatology	7.37	2 studies	Tocilizumab 2
Frontiers in Pharmacology	5.16	2 studies	Molnupiravir1 Paxlovid1
Journal of Infection and Public Health	3.92	2 studies	Paxlovid1 Sotrovimab1
Journal of Medical Virology	3.50	2 studies	HH-120 2
BMC Infectious Diseases	3.16	2 studies	Conv. Plasma1 Plasma-activ..1
Journal of Korean Medical Science	3.02	2 studies	Paxlovid1 Regdanvimab1
Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy	1.73	2 studies	Casirivimab/i..1 Ensitrelvir1
American Journal of Transplantation	0.97	2 studies	Paxlovid1 Tixagev../c..1

Most accessed treatments

Antiviral effects

Vitamins & Minerals

Host endosomal entry / trafficking

Dual-action mAbs

RdRp

Nasal & Oral Sprays / Rinses

Analgesics

Antiandrogens

Host targets and pathways

Inflammatory and immune modulation

Mpro (Gen 1)

Oxidative stress and cytoprotection

Lifestyles

TMPRSS2

Spike neutralization

Replication inhibition (target unresolved)

COVID-19 mAbs

Pleiotropic modulation

Attachment / entry inhibition

Mpro (Gen 2)

H1RAs

Nutrients and microbiome support

Host mAbs

IL-6 / IL-6R blockade

Physical and extracorporeal interventions

Natural products and extracts

Symptom management

Unconfirmed antiviral rationale

Lifestyle, behaviors, and exposure prevention

Other complication management

Mpro / 3CLpro

Host pyrimidine synthesis

Direct viral inactivation

Endothelial / vascular protection

Direct respiratory tract treatments

Other antibodies, proteins, peptides, cells, and RNA therapies

Secondary infection and coinfection management

COVID-19 early treatment journals

Journals publishing positive low-cost COVID‑19 treatment studies

Low-cost treatments and the journals that published them

Journals publishing positive high-profit COVID‑19 treatment studies