Real-world evidence with a retrospective cohort of 15,968 COVID-19 hospitalized patients suggests 21 new effective treatments

{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2023, 10, 7]], 'date-time': '2023-10-07T18:13:57Z', 'timestamp': 1696702437209}, 'reference-count': 52, 'publisher': 'Springer Science and Business Media LLC', 'issue': '1', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2023, 10, 6]], 'date-time': '2023-10-06T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1696550400000}, 'content-version': 'tdm', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'}, { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2023, 10, 6]], 'date-time': '2023-10-06T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1696550400000}, 'content-version': 'vor', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'}], 'funder': [ { 'DOI': '10.13039/501100010566', 'name': 'Consejería de Salud y Familias, Junta de Andalucía', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'award': ['PAIDI2020- DOC_00350', 'COVID-0012-2020']}, { 'DOI': '10.13039/501100004837', 'name': 'Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'award': ['PID2020-117979RB-I00']}, { 'DOI': '10.13039/501100004587', 'name': 'Instituto de Salud Carlos III', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'award': ['IMP/00019']}], 'content-domain': {'domain': ['link.springer.com'], 'crossmark-restriction': False}, 'abstract': '<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Purpose</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>Despite the extensive vaccination campaigns in many countries, ' 'COVID-19 is still a major worldwide health problem because of its associated morbidity and ' 'mortality. Therefore, finding efficient treatments as fast as possible is a pressing need. ' 'Drug repurposing constitutes a convenient alternative when the need for new drugs in an ' 'unexpected medical scenario is urgent, as is the case with COVID-19.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec><jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Methods</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>Using data from a central registry of electronic health records (the ' 'Andalusian Population Health Database), the effect of prior consumption of drugs for other ' 'indications previous to the hospitalization with respect to patient outcomes, including ' 'survival and lymphocyte progression, was studied on a retrospective cohort of 15,968 ' 'individuals, comprising all COVID-19 patients hospitalized in Andalusia between January and ' 'November 2020.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec><jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Results</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>Covariate-adjusted hazard ratios and analysis of lymphocyte ' 'progression curves support a significant association between consumption of 21 different ' 'drugs and better patient survival. Contrarily, one drug, furosemide, displayed a significant ' 'increase in patient mortality.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec><jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>In this study we have taken advantage of the availability of a ' 'regional clinical database to study the effect of drugs, which patients were taking for other ' 'indications, on their survival. The large size of the database allowed us to control ' 'covariates effectively.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec>', 'DOI': '10.1186/s12985-023-02195-9', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': {'date-parts': [[2023, 10, 6]], 'date-time': '2023-10-06T17:02:10Z', 'timestamp': 1696611730000}, 'update-policy': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 0, 'title': 'Real-world evidence with a retrospective cohort of 15,968 COVID-19 hospitalized patients ' 'suggests 21 new effective treatments', 'prefix': '10.1186', 'volume': '20', 'author': [ { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9598-6965', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Carlos', 'family': 'Loucera', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': []}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4235-2886', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Rosario', 'family': 'Carmona', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2632-9587', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Marina', 'family': 'Esteban-Medina', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1690-6347', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Gerrit', 'family': 'Bostelmann', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Dolores', 'family': 'Muñoyerro-Muñiz', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0845-0172', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Román', 'family': 'Villegas', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6445-9617', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'María', 'family': 'Peña-Chilet', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3318-120X', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Joaquín', 'family': 'Dopazo', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}], 'member': '297', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2023, 10, 6]]}, 'reference': [ { 'key': '2195_CR1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Wood A, Denholm R, Hollings S, Cooper J, Ip S, Walker V et al. Linked ' 'electronic health records for research on a nationwide cohort of more ' 'than 54 million people in England: data resource. BMJ. 2021;373.', 'DOI': '10.1136/bmj.n826'}, { 'key': '2195_CR2', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'author': 'J Corrigan-Curay', 'year': '2018', 'unstructured': 'Corrigan-Curay J, Sacks L, Woodcock J. JAMA: the journal of the American ' 'Medical Association. 2018;320(9):867–8. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.10136. Real-World Evidence and ' 'Real-World Data for Evaluating Drug Safety and Effectiveness.', 'DOI': '10.1001/jama.2018.10136'}, { 'issue': '23', 'key': '2195_CR3', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '2293', 'DOI': '10.1056/NEJMsb1609216', 'volume': '375', 'author': 'RE Sherman', 'year': '2016', 'unstructured': 'Sherman RE, Anderson SA, Dal Pan GJ, Gray GW, Gross T, Hunter NL, et al. ' 'Real-world evidence—what is it and what can it tell us. N Engl J Med. ' '2016;375(23):2293–7.', 'journal-title': 'N Engl J Med'}, { 'issue': '3', 'key': '2195_CR4', 'first-page': '211', 'volume': '1', 'author': 'EL Hannan', 'year': '2008', 'unstructured': 'Hannan EL. Randomized clinical trials and observational studies: ' 'guidelines for assessing respective strengths and limitations. JACC: ' 'Cardiovasc Interventions. 2008;1(3):211–7.', 'journal-title': 'JACC: Cardiovasc Interventions'}, { 'issue': '1', 'key': '2195_CR5', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1', 'DOI': '10.1007/s00392-016-1025-6', 'volume': '106', 'author': 'MR Cowie', 'year': '2017', 'unstructured': 'Cowie MR, Blomster JI, Curtis LH, Duclaux S, Ford I, Fritz F, et al. ' 'Electronic health records to facilitate clinical research. Clin Res ' 'Cardiol. 2017;106(1):1–9.', 'journal-title': 'Clin Res Cardiol'}, { 'issue': '1', 'key': '2195_CR6', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41598-021-02701-5', 'volume': '11', 'author': 'C Loucera', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Loucera C, Peña-Chilet M, Esteban-Medina M, Muñoyerro-Muñiz D, Villegas ' 'R, Lopez-Miranda J, et al. Real world evidence of calcifediol or vitamin ' 'D prescription and mortality rate of COVID-19 in a retrospective cohort ' 'of hospitalized andalusian patients. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):1–12.', 'journal-title': 'Sci Rep'}, { 'issue': '2', 'key': '2195_CR7', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '105', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.gaceta.2019.03.003', 'volume': '34', 'author': 'D Muñoyerro-Muñiz', 'year': '2019', 'unstructured': 'Muñoyerro-Muñiz D, Goicoechea-Salazar J, García-León F, Laguna-Tellez A, ' 'Larrocha-Mata D, Cardero-Rivas M. Health record linkage: andalusian ' 'health population database. Gac Sanit. 2019;34(2):105–13.', 'journal-title': 'Gac Sanit'}, { 'key': '2195_CR8', 'unstructured': 'Infrastructure for secure generation of. Real World Evidence from Real ' 'World Data from the Andalusian Health Population Database. 2020.'}, { 'issue': '1', 'key': '2195_CR9', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '290', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41392-020-00417-y', 'volume': '5', 'author': 'C Loucera', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Loucera C, Esteban-Medina M, Rian K, Falco MM, Dopazo J, Peña-Chilet M. ' 'Drug repurposing for COVID-19 using machine learning and mechanistic ' 'models of signal transduction circuits related to SARS-CoV-2 infection. ' 'Signal Transduct Target Therapy. 2020;5(1):290. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-020-00417-y.', 'journal-title': 'Signal Transduct Target Therapy'}, { 'issue': '1', 'key': '2195_CR10', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1', 'DOI': '10.1186/s13040-021-00234-1', 'volume': '14', 'author': 'K Rian', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Rian K, Esteban-Medina M, Hidalgo MR, Çubuk C, Falco MM, Loucera C, et ' 'al. Mechanistic modeling of the SARS-CoV-2 disease map. BioData Min. ' '2021;14(1):1–8.', 'journal-title': 'BioData Min'}, { 'issue': '10', 'key': '2195_CR11', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': 'e10387', 'DOI': '10.15252/msb.202110387', 'volume': '17', 'author': 'M Ostaszewski', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Ostaszewski M, Niarakis A, Mazein A, Kuperstein I, Phair R, ' 'Orta-Resendiz A, et al. COVID19 Disease Map, a computational knowledge ' 'repository of virus–host interaction mechanisms. Mol Syst Biol. ' '2021;17(10):e10387. https://doi.org/10.15252/msb.202110387.', 'journal-title': 'Mol Syst Biol'}, { 'key': '2195_CR12', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '106', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.ejim.2022.01.031', 'volume': '99', 'author': 'JF Varona', 'year': '2022', 'unstructured': 'Varona JF, Núñez E, Fernández Félix BM, Castellano Vázquez JM, Cubillo ' 'A. Efficacy and safety of therapeutic vs. prophylactic bemiparin in ' 'noncritically ill patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. Eur J Intern Med. ' '2022;99:106–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2022.01.031.', 'journal-title': 'Eur J Intern Med'}, { 'key': '2195_CR13', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '100774', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100774', 'volume': '33', 'author': 'C Pawlowski', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Pawlowski C, Venkatakrishnan A, Kirkup C, Berner G, Puranik A, O’Horo ' 'JC, et al. Enoxaparin is associated with lower rates of mortality than ' 'unfractionated heparin in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. ' 'EClinicalMedicine. 2021;33:100774.', 'journal-title': 'EClinicalMedicine'}, { 'key': '2195_CR14', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'unstructured': 'Olczak-Pruc M, Swieczkowski D, Ladny JR, Pruc M, Juarez-Vela R, Rafique ' 'Z, et al. Vitamin C supplementation for the treatment of COVID-19: a ' 'systematic review and Meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2022;14(19). ' 'https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14194217.', 'DOI': '10.3390/nu14194217'}, { 'issue': '5', 'key': '2195_CR15', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '818', 'DOI': '10.1253/circj.cj-10-0110', 'volume': '74', 'author': 'Q Zhou', 'year': '2010', 'unstructured': 'Zhou Q, Liao JK. Pleiotropic effects of statins. - basic research and ' 'clinical perspectives. Circulation Journal: Official Journal of the ' 'Japanese Circulation Society. 2010;74(5):818–26. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1253/circj.cj-10-0110.', 'journal-title': 'Circulation Journal: Official Journal of the Japanese Circulation ' 'Society'}, { 'key': '2195_CR16', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Kouhpeikar H, Tabasi HK, Khazir Z, Naghipour A, Moghadam HM, Forouzanfar ' 'H et al. Statin use in COVID-19 hospitalized patients and outcomes: a ' 'retrospective study. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022;9.', 'DOI': '10.3389/fcvm.2022.820260'}, { 'key': '2195_CR17', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Teixeira L, Temerozo JR, Pereira-Dutra FS, Ferreira AC, Mattos M, ' 'Gonçalves BS et al. Simvastatin downregulates the SARS-CoV-2-Induced ' 'inflammatory response and impairs viral infection through disruption of ' 'lipid rafts. Front Immunol. 2022;13.', 'DOI': '10.3389/fimmu.2022.820131'}, { 'issue': '1', 'key': '2195_CR18', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '22', 'DOI': '10.1186/s41231-021-00102-4', 'volume': '6', 'author': 'S Umakanthan', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Umakanthan S, Senthil S, John S, Madhavan MK, Das J, Patil S, et al. The ' 'protective role of statins in COVID-19 patients: a retrospective ' 'observational study. Transl Med Commun. 2021;6(1):22. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1186/s41231-021-00102-4.', 'journal-title': 'Transl Med Commun'}, { 'issue': '3', 'key': '2195_CR19', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '127', 'DOI': '10.1080/00325481.1989.11700602', 'volume': '85', 'author': 'G Ruoff', 'year': '1989', 'unstructured': 'Ruoff G. ACE inhibitors and diuretics. The benefits of combined therapy ' 'for hypertension. Postgrad Med. 1989;85(3):127–32. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1080/00325481.1989.11700602. 37 – 9.', 'journal-title': 'Postgrad Med'}, { 'issue': '8', 'key': '2195_CR20', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '824', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41440-020-0485-2', 'volume': '43', 'author': 'S Huang', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Huang S, Wang J, Liu F, Liu J, Cao G, Yang C, et al. COVID-19 patients ' 'with hypertension have more severe disease: a multicenter retrospective ' 'observational study. Hypertens Res. 2020;43(8):824–31.', 'journal-title': 'Hypertens Res'}, { 'issue': '5', 'key': '2195_CR21', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': 'e648', 'DOI': '10.1097/fjc.0000000000001116', 'volume': '78', 'author': 'M Peng', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Peng M, He J, Xue Y, Yang X, Liu S, Gong Z. Role of hypertension on the ' 'severity of COVID-19: a review. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. ' '2021;78(5):e648–e55. https://doi.org/10.1097/fjc.0000000000001116.', 'journal-title': 'J Cardiovasc Pharmacol'}, { 'key': '2195_CR22', 'unstructured': 'Chappell L, Horby P, Lim WS, Emberson JR, Mafham M, Bell JL et al. ' 'Dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with Covid-19-preliminary report. ' 'The New England journal of medicine. 2020.'}, { 'key': '2195_CR23', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Day M. Covid-19: ibuprofen should not be used for managing symptoms, say ' 'doctors and scientists. British Medical Journal Publishing Group; 2020.', 'DOI': '10.1136/bmj.m1086'}, { 'issue': '9', 'key': '2195_CR24', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '929', 'DOI': '10.1007/s40264-021-01089-5', 'volume': '44', 'author': 'N Moore', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Moore N, Bosco-Levy P, Thurin N, Blin P, Droz-Perroteau C. NSAIDs and ' 'COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug Saf. ' '2021;44(9):929–38.', 'journal-title': 'Drug Saf'}, { 'issue': '8', 'key': '2195_CR25', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1021', 'DOI': '10.1177/135965350601100803', 'volume': '11', 'author': 'C Amici', 'year': '2006', 'unstructured': 'Amici C, Caro AD, Ciucci A, Chiappa L, Castilletti C, Martella V, et al. ' 'Indomethacin has a potent antiviral activity against SARS coronavirus. ' 'Antivir Ther. 2006;11(8):1021–30.', 'journal-title': 'Antivir Ther'}, { 'key': '2195_CR26', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '2515690X2110037', 'DOI': '10.1177/2515690X211003727', 'volume': '26', 'author': 'ZD Kifle', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Kifle ZD, Enyew EF, Mekuria AB. A recent achievement in the discovery ' 'and development of vaccines and therapeutic agents in the race for ' 'COVID-19 protection and treatment. J Evidence-Based Integr Med. ' '2021;26:2515690X211003727.', 'journal-title': 'J Evidence-Based Integr Med'}, { 'issue': '1', 'key': '2195_CR27', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1869', 'DOI': '10.1080/22221751.2020.1807885', 'volume': '9', 'author': 'Y Li', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Li Y, Zhou X, Li T, Chan S, Yu Y, Ai JW, et al. Corticosteroid prevents ' 'COVID-19 progression within its therapeutic window: a multicentre, ' 'proof-of-concept, observational study. Emerg Microbes Infect. ' '2020;9(1):1869–77. https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2020.1807885.', 'journal-title': 'Emerg Microbes Infect'}, { 'key': '2195_CR28', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'MacIsaac RJ, Jerums G, Ekinci EI. Cardio-renal protection with ' 'empagliflozin. Annals of Translational Medicine. 2016;4(20).', 'DOI': '10.21037/atm.2016.10.36'}, { 'issue': '4', 'key': '2195_CR29', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '980', 'DOI': '10.1177/08971900221102119', 'volume': '36', 'author': 'EM Mikhael', 'year': '2023', 'unstructured': 'Mikhael EM, Ong SC, Sheikh Ghadzi SM. Efficacy and safety of Sitagliptin ' 'in the treatment of COVID-19. J Pharm Pract. 2023;36(4):980–7. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1177/08971900221102119.', 'journal-title': 'J Pharm Pract'}, { 'issue': '6', 'key': '2195_CR30', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': 'e1009634', 'DOI': '10.1371/journal.ppat.1009634', 'volume': '17', 'author': 'E Varghese', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Varghese E, Samuel SM, Liskova A, Kubatka P, Büsselberg D. Diabetes and ' 'coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): molecular mechanism of metformin intervention ' 'and the scientific basis of drug repurposing. PLoS Pathog. ' '2021;17(6):e1009634. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009634.', 'journal-title': 'PLoS Pathog'}, { 'issue': '7', 'key': '2195_CR31', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '763', 'DOI': '10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00160-0', 'volume': '9', 'author': 'S Ramakrishnan', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Ramakrishnan S, Nicolau DV, Langford B, Mahdi M, Jeffers H, Mwasuku C, ' 'et al. Inhaled budesonide in the treatment of early COVID-19 (STOIC): a ' 'phase 2, open-label, randomised controlled trial. The Lancet Respiratory ' 'Medicine. 2021;9(7):763–72.', 'journal-title': 'The Lancet Respiratory Medicine'}, { 'issue': '10303', 'key': '2195_CR32', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '843', 'DOI': '10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01744-X', 'volume': '398', 'author': 'L-M Yu', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Yu L-M, Bafadhel M, Dorward J, Hayward G, Saville BR, Gbinigie O, et al. ' 'Inhaled budesonide for COVID-19 in people at high risk of complications ' 'in the community in the UK (PRINCIPLE): a randomised, controlled, ' 'open-label, adaptive platform trial. The Lancet. 2021;398(10303):843–55. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01744-X.', 'journal-title': 'The Lancet'}, { 'key': '2195_CR33', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1185076', 'DOI': '10.3389/fphar.2023.1185076', 'volume': '14', 'author': 'Y Yu', 'year': '2023', 'unstructured': 'Yu Y, Fang B, Yang X-D, Zheng Y. One stone two birds: anti-inflammatory ' 'bronchodilators as a potential pharmacological strategy for COVID-19. ' 'Front Pharmacol. 2023;14:1185076.', 'journal-title': 'Front Pharmacol'}, { 'issue': '4', 'key': '2195_CR34', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '803', 'DOI': '10.1183/09031936.00159708', 'volume': '34', 'author': 'M Wijesinghe', 'year': '2009', 'unstructured': 'Wijesinghe M, Weatherall M, Perrin K, Harwood M, Beasley R. Risk of ' 'mortality associated with formoterol: a systematic review and ' 'meta-analysis. Eur Respir J. 2009;34(4):803–11. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00159708.', 'journal-title': 'Eur Respir J'}, { 'key': '2195_CR35', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1187818', 'DOI': '10.3389/fphar.2023.1187818', 'volume': '14', 'author': 'S Zhou', 'year': '2023', 'unstructured': 'Zhou S, Yu Z, Chen Z, Ning F, Hu X, Wu T, et al. Olmesartan alleviates ' 'SARS-CoV-2 envelope protein induced renal fibrosis by regulating HMGB1 ' 'release and autophagic degradation of TGF-β1. Front Pharmacol. ' '2023;14:1187818. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2023.1187818.', 'journal-title': 'Front Pharmacol'}, { 'issue': '10', 'key': '2195_CR36', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '484', 'DOI': '10.1055/a-1236-3041', 'volume': '70', 'author': 'A Ray', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Ray A, Sharma S, Sadasivam B. The potential therapeutic role of Proton ' 'Pump inhibitors in COVID-19: hypotheses based on existing evidences. ' 'Drug Res (Stuttg). 2020;70(10):484–8. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1236-3041.', 'journal-title': 'Drug Res (Stuttg)'}, { 'key': '2195_CR37', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'unstructured': 'Kournoutou GG, Dinos G. Azithromycin through the Lens of the COVID-19 ' 'treatment. Antibiot (Basel). 2022;11(8). ' 'https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11081063.', 'DOI': '10.3390/antibiotics11081063'}, { 'key': '2195_CR38', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Gbinigie K, Frie K. Should azithromycin be used to treat COVID-19? A ' 'rapid review. BJGP open. 2020;4(2).', 'DOI': '10.3399/bjgpopen20X101094'}, { 'issue': '13', 'key': '2195_CR39', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1330', 'DOI': '10.1001/jama.2020.17023', 'volume': '324', 'author': 'JA Sterne', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Sterne JA, Murthy S, Diaz JV, Slutsky AS, Villar J, Angus DC, et al. ' 'Association between administration of systemic corticosteroids and ' 'mortality among critically ill patients with COVID-19: a meta-analysis. ' 'JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. ' '2020;324(13):1330–41.', 'journal-title': 'JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association'}, { 'issue': '9', 'key': '2195_CR40', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '5199', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41380-021-01021-4', 'volume': '26', 'author': 'N Hoertel', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Hoertel N, Sánchez-Rico M, Vernet R, Beeker N, Jannot A-S, Neuraz A, et ' 'al. Association between antidepressant use and reduced risk of ' 'intubation or death in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: results from ' 'an observational study. Mol Psychiatry. 2021;26(9):5199–212.', 'journal-title': 'Mol Psychiatry'}, { 'key': '2195_CR41', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'author': 'B Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez B, del Toro MD, Borobia AM, Carcas A, Jarrín I, ' 'Yllescas M, et al. Identification and validation of clinical phenotypes ' 'with prognostic implications in patients admitted to hospital with ' 'COVID-19: a multicentre cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00019-0.', 'journal-title': 'Lancet Infect Dis', 'DOI': '10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00019-0'}, { 'issue': '1', 'key': '2195_CR42', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '4', 'DOI': '10.1162/003465304323023651', 'volume': '86', 'author': 'GW Imbens', 'year': '2004', 'unstructured': 'Imbens GW. Nonparametric estimation of average treatment effects under ' 'exogeneity: a review. Rev Econ Stat. 2004;86(1):4–29.', 'journal-title': 'Rev Econ Stat'}, { 'issue': '6', 'key': '2195_CR43', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1151', 'DOI': '10.1002/bimj.201700330', 'volume': '60', 'author': 'D Hajage', 'year': '2018', 'unstructured': 'Hajage D, Chauvet G, Belin L, Lafourcade A, Tubach F, De Rycke Y. ' 'Closed-form variance estimator for weighted propensity score estimators ' 'with survival outcome. Biom J. 2018;60(6):1151–63.', 'journal-title': 'Biom J'}, { 'issue': '1', 'key': '2195_CR44', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41392-020-00451-w', 'volume': '6', 'author': 'C Lu', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Lu C, Liu Y, Chen B, Yang H, Hu H, Zhao Y. Prognostic value of ' 'lymphocyte count in severe COVID-19 patients with corticosteroid ' 'treatment. Signal Transduct Target Therapy. 2021;6(1):1–3.', 'journal-title': 'Signal Transduct Target Therapy'}, { 'issue': '3', 'key': '2195_CR45', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': 'e0248276', 'DOI': '10.1371/journal.pone.0248276', 'volume': '16', 'author': 'L Manenti', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Manenti L, Maggiore U, Fiaccadori E, Meschi T, Antoni AD, Nouvenne A, et ' 'al. Reduced mortality in COVID-19 patients treated with colchicine: ' 'results from a retrospective, observational study. PLoS ONE. ' '2021;16(3):e0248276. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248276.', 'journal-title': 'PLoS ONE'}, { 'issue': '1', 'key': '2195_CR46', 'first-page': '1', 'volume': '82', 'author': 'A Kuznetsova', 'year': '2017', 'unstructured': 'Kuznetsova A, Brockhoff PB, Christensen RH. lmerTest package: tests in ' 'linear mixed effects models. J Stat Softw. 2017;82(1):1–26.', 'journal-title': 'J Stat Softw'}, { 'issue': '8', 'key': '2195_CR47', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '84', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.jclinepi.2013.01.013', 'volume': '66', 'author': 'EA Stuart', 'year': '2013', 'unstructured': 'Stuart EA, Lee BK, Leacy FP. Prognostic score–based balance measures can ' 'be a useful diagnostic for propensity score methods in comparative ' 'effectiveness research. J Clin Epidemiol. 2013;66(8):84–S90. e1.', 'journal-title': 'J Clin Epidemiol'}, { 'key': '2195_CR48', 'unstructured': 'Greifer N, WeightIt. Weighting for Covariate Balance in Observational ' 'Studies. 2021.'}, { 'key': '2195_CR49', 'unstructured': 'Greifer N. cobalt: Covariate Balance Tables and Plots. 2021.'}, { 'issue': '1', 'key': '2195_CR50', 'first-page': '289', 'volume': '57', 'author': 'Y Benjamini', 'year': '1995', 'unstructured': 'Benjamini Y, Hochberg Y. Controlling the false discovery rate: a ' 'practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J Royal Stat Soc ' 'Ser B. 1995;57(1):289–300.', 'journal-title': 'J Royal Stat Soc Ser B'}, { 'key': '2195_CR51', 'unstructured': 'Hajage D, HrIPW. Hazard Ratio Estimation using Cox Model Weighted by the ' 'Estimated Propensity Score. 2020.'}, { 'key': '2195_CR52', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1', 'DOI': '10.18637/jss.v067.i01', 'volume': '67', 'author': 'D Bates', 'year': '2015', 'unstructured': 'Bates D, Maechler M, Bolker B, Walker S. Fitting linear mixed-effects ' 'models using lme4. J Stat Softw. 2015;67:1–48.', 'journal-title': 'J Stat Softw'}], 'container-title': 'Virology Journal', 'original-title': [], 'language': 'en', 'link': [ { 'URL': 'https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s12985-023-02195-9.pdf', 'content-type': 'application/pdf', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'text-mining'}, { 'URL': 'https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12985-023-02195-9/fulltext.html', 'content-type': 'text/html', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'text-mining'}, { 'URL': 'https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s12985-023-02195-9.pdf', 'content-type': 'application/pdf', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'similarity-checking'}], 'deposited': { 'date-parts': [[2023, 10, 6]], 'date-time': '2023-10-06T17:02:38Z', 'timestamp': 1696611758000}, 'score': 1, 'resource': {'primary': {'URL': 'https://virologyj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12985-023-02195-9'}}, 'subtitle': [], 'short-title': [], 'issued': {'date-parts': [[2023, 10, 6]]}, 'references-count': 52, 'journal-issue': {'issue': '1', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2023, 12]]}}, 'alternative-id': ['2195'], 'URL': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12985-023-02195-9', 'relation': {'references': [{'id-type': 'uri', 'id': '', 'asserted-by': 'subject'}]}, 'ISSN': ['1743-422X'], 'subject': ['Infectious Diseases', 'Virology'], 'container-title-short': 'Virol J', 'published': {'date-parts': [[2023, 10, 6]]}, 'assertion': [ { 'value': '6 December 2022', 'order': 1, 'name': 'received', 'label': 'Received', 'group': {'name': 'ArticleHistory', 'label': 'Article History'}}, { 'value': '27 September 2023', 'order': 2, 'name': 'accepted', 'label': 'Accepted', 'group': {'name': 'ArticleHistory', 'label': 'Article History'}}, { 'value': '6 October 2023', 'order': 3, 'name': 'first_online', 'label': 'First Online', 'group': {'name': 'ArticleHistory', 'label': 'Article History'}}, {'order': 1, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Declarations'}}, { 'value': 'The authors declare no competing interests.', 'order': 2, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Competing interests'}}, { 'value': 'This project was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee for the ' 'Coordination of Biomedical Research in Andalusia (29th September, 2020, Acta ' '09/20).', 'order': 3, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Ethics approval'}}, { 'value': 'The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the ' 'content of this article.', 'order': 4, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Conflict of interest'}}], 'article-number': '226'}