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c19early.org COVID-19 treatment researchDexamethasoneDexamethasone (more..)
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The impact of dexamethasone on short- and long-term mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients: a retrospective study

Zhao et al., BMC Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1186/s12879-024-10216-3, Nov 2024
https://c19early.org/zhao17.html
Mortality, day 365 34% Improvement Relative Risk Mortality, day 28 33% Dexamethasone  Zhao et al.  LATE TREATMENT Is late treatment with dexamethasone beneficial for COVID-19? PSM retrospective 576 patients in the USA Lower mortality with dexamethasone (p=0.014) c19early.org Zhao et al., BMC Infectious Diseases, Nov 2024 Favorsdexamethasone Favorscontrol 0 0.5 1 1.5 2+
Retrospective 576 hospitalized COVID-19 patients showing lower mortality with dexamethasone treatment.
Standard of Care (SOC) for COVID-19 in the study country, the USA, is very poor with very low average efficacy for approved treatments1. Only expensive, high-profit treatments were approved for early treatment. Low-cost treatments were excluded, reducing the probability of early treatment due to access and cost barriers, and eliminating complementary and synergistic benefits seen with many low-cost treatments.
risk of death, 34.0% lower, HR 0.66, p = 0.01, treatment 288, control 288, propensity score matching, day 365.
risk of death, 33.0% lower, HR 0.67, p = 0.01, treatment 288, control 288, propensity score matching, day 28.
Effect extraction follows pre-specified rules prioritizing more serious outcomes. Submit updates
Zhao et al., 25 Nov 2024, retrospective, USA, peer-reviewed, 7 authors. Contact: 18917683768@189.cn, chenyuanzhuo@tongji.edu.cn.
The impact of dexamethasone on short- and long-term mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients: a retrospective study
Jian Zhao, Hui Hua Jiang, Hong Hong Wan, Dan Liu, Yi Zhao, Yan Qing Chen, Yuan Zhuo Chen
BMC Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1186/s12879-024-10216-3
Background Dexamethasone has been widely used in treating severe COVID-19 patients due to its antiinflammatory properties. However, its long-term impact on mortality remain unclear. Objective To evaluate the effect of dexamethasone on short-term (28-day) and long-term (1-year) mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients and to explore its efficacy across different respiratory support. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted using the MIMIC-IV (v3.0) database. A total of 576 confirmed COVID-19 patients were included, with 288 patients receiving dexamethasone and 288 not receiving it, matched by propensity scores. Survival analyses assessed the impact of dexamethasone on mortality, and subgroup analyses were performed based on the type of respiratory support received. Results After propensity score matching, dexamethasone treatment was associated with reduced mortality at both 28 days (adjusted HR 0.67, 95% CI 0.46-0.99, P = 0.045) and 1 year (adjusted HR 0.66, 95% CI 0.47-0.92, P = 0.014). Subgroup analysis revealed differential treatment effects by respiratory support type (P for interaction = 0.001 at 28 days and 0.004 at 1 year). The survival benefit was most pronounced in patients receiving NIV (28-day adjusted HR 0.15, 95% CI 0.05-0.42, P < 0.001) and significant in those receiving IMV (28-day adjusted HR 0.62, 95% CI 0.39-0.99, P = 0.045), while no significant benefit was observed in patients receiving oxygen therapy alone. Conclusion This retrospective study suggests that dexamethasone treatment was associated with reduced mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, particularly in those receiving NIV or IMV. These findings add to the evidence supporting dexamethasone use in severe COVID-19 patients requiring respiratory support.
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at h t t p s : / / d o i . o r g / 1 0 . 1 1 8 6 / s 1 2 8 7 9 -0 2 4 -1 0 2 Author contributions Jian Zhao, Hui Hua Jiang, Hong Hong Wan, Dan Liu, and Yi Zhao contributed equally to this work. They were responsible for the conception, design, and execution of the study, as well as data collection and analysis. Yan Qing Chen and Yuan Zhuo Chen supervised the project, provided critical revisions, and guided the writing of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate The MIMIC-IV database was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Cambridge, MA) and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (Boston, MA). Informed consent was obtained for the original data collection. The requirement for individual patient consent was waived as the project did not impact clinical care and all protected health information was de-identified. Consent for publication Non-applicable. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Publisher's note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
References
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Bahl, Johnson, Chen, Timing of corticosteroids impacts mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, Intern Emerg Med
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Issak, Amin, Timing of corticosteroids in non-severe non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients: open-label, two-center, randomized controlled study (TICS-COV19 study), Korean J Intern Med
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Liu, Zhang, Dong, Li, Xu et al., Corticosteroid treatment in severe COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome, J Clin Invest
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Sun, Lin, Ai, Zhang, The efficacy of antivirals, corticosteroids, and monoclonal antibodies as acute COVID-19 treatments in reducing the incidence of long COVID: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Clin Microbiol Infect, doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2024.07.006
Taboada, Rodríguez, Varela, Rodríguez, Abelleira et al., Effect of high versus low dose of dexamethasone on clinical worsening in patients hospitalised with moderate or severe COVID-19 pneumonia: an open-label, randomised clinical trial, Eur Respir J
Tomazini, Maia, Cavalcanti, Berwanger, Rosa et al., Effect of dexamethasone on days alive and Ventilator-Free in patients with moderate or severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and COVID-19, JAMA
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Late treatment
is less effective
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