Risk factors for mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 at the start of the pandemic in Belgium: a retrospective cohort study

{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2024, 3, 19]], 'date-time': '2024-03-19T11:02:51Z', 'timestamp': 1710846171007}, 'reference-count': 34, 'publisher': 'Springer Science and Business Media LLC', 'issue': '1', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2020, 11, 27]], 'date-time': '2020-11-27T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1606435200000}, 'content-version': 'tdm', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/'}, { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2020, 11, 27]], 'date-time': '2020-11-27T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1606435200000}, 'content-version': 'vor', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/'}], 'content-domain': {'domain': ['link.springer.com'], 'crossmark-restriction': False}, 'published-print': {'date-parts': [[2020, 12]]}, 'abstract': '<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Background</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>Belgium was among the first countries in Europe with confirmed ' 'coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases. Since the first diagnosis on February 3rd, the ' 'epidemic has quickly evolved, with Belgium at the crossroads of Europe, being one of the ' 'hardest hit countries. Although risk factors for severe disease in COVID-19 patients have ' 'been described in Chinese and United States (US) cohorts, good quality studies reporting on ' 'clinical characteristics, risk factors and outcome of European COVID-19 patients are still ' 'scarce.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec><jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Methods</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>This study describes the clinical characteristics, complications and ' 'outcomes of 319 hospitalized COVID-19 patients, admitted to a tertiary care center at the ' 'start of the pandemic in Belgium, and aims to identify the main risk factors for in-hospital ' 'mortality in a European context using univariate and multivariate logistic regression ' 'analysis.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec><jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Results</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>Most patients were male (60%), the median age was 74 (IQR 61–83) and ' '20% of patients were admitted to the intensive care unit, of whom 63% needed invasive ' 'mechanical ventilation. The overall case fatality rate was 25%. The best predictors of ' 'in-hospital mortality in multivariate analysis were older age, and renal insufficiency, ' 'higher lactate dehydrogenase and thrombocytopenia. Patients admitted early in the epidemic ' 'had a higher mortality compared to patients admitted later in the epidemic. In univariate ' 'analysis, patients with obesity did have an overall increased risk of death, while overweight ' 'on the other hand showed a trend towards lower mortality.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec><jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>Most patients hospitalized with COVID-19 during the first weeks of ' 'the epidemic in Belgium were admitted with severe disease and the overall case fatality rate ' 'was high. The identified risk factors for mortality are not easily amenable at short term, ' 'underscoring the lasting need of effective therapeutic and preventative measures.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec>', 'DOI': '10.1186/s12879-020-05605-3', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': { 'date-parts': [[2020, 11, 27]], 'date-time': '2020-11-27T10:02:45Z', 'timestamp': 1606471365000}, 'update-policy': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 32, 'title': 'Risk factors for mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 at the start of the pandemic ' 'in Belgium: a retrospective cohort study', 'prefix': '10.1186', 'volume': '20', 'author': [ { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9483-8522', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Karlijn', 'family': 'van Halem', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Robin', 'family': 'Bruyndonckx', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Jeroen', 'family': 'van der Hilst', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Janneke', 'family': 'Cox', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Paulien', 'family': 'Driesen', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Matthias', 'family': 'Opsomer', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Eveline', 'family': 'Van Steenkiste', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Björn', 'family': 'Stessel', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Jasperina', 'family': 'Dubois', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Peter', 'family': 'Messiaen', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}], 'member': '297', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2020, 11, 27]]}, 'reference': [ { 'key': '5605_CR1', 'unstructured': 'World Health Organization. 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The requirement for ' 'informed consent was waived because of the retrospective nature of the study.', 'order': 1, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Ethics approval and consent to participate'}}, { 'value': 'Not applicable.', 'order': 2, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Consent for publication'}}, { 'value': 'The authors declare that they have no competing interests.', 'order': 3, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Competing interests'}}], 'article-number': '897'}