Margarida Castell, Roman Acevedo-Espinola, Torsten Bohn, Somayyeh Barania Adabi, Sevana Daneghian, Hamidreaza Khalkhali, Rahim Nejadrahim, Nitin Shivappa
R and Shivappa N ( ) The association between inflammatory and immune system biomarkers and the dietary inflammatory index in patients with COVID-.
Ethics statement The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran (Ethics Code IR.UMSU.REC.1399.367). The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.
Author contributions All authors listed have made a substantial, direct, and intellectual contribution to the work and approved it for publication.
Conflict of interest The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher's note All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Supplementary material The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2023. 1075061/full#supplementary-material
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doi:10.1111/cea.12323{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2023, 4, 1]], 'date-time': '2023-04-01T04:51:49Z', 'timestamp': 1680324709793},
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'abstract': '<jats:sec><jats:title>Background</jats:title><jats:p>Inflammation and cytokine storm have '
'been reported to be the main cause of acute symptoms of coronavirus disease (COVID-19). '
'Diet-induced inflammation may affect the condition of patients with COVID-19. Therefore, this '
'study aimed to investigate the relationship between disease severity, inflammatory and immune '
'system biomarkers, and the dietary inflammatory index (DII) in patients with '
'COVID-19.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods</jats:title><jats:p>This '
'cross-sectional study was conducted on 500 adult patients with COVID-19. Patients were '
'divided into mild, moderate, and severe conditions based on clinical and laboratory evidence. '
'A validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to determine DII and energy-adjusted '
'DII (E-DII) scores. The serum C-reactive protein (CRP) level and blood cell count were '
'measured for all patients. Multiple linear regression was used to explore the association '
'between DII and E-DII and CRP, blood cell counts, and hospitalization in patients with '
'COVID-19.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>Coronavirus '
'disease (COVID-19) patients with higher DII had higher consumption of fat and carbohydrate '
'and lower intakes of protein, anti-inflammatory nutrients, garlic, caffeine, tea, onion, and '
'fiber (<jats:italic>P</jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). There was a positive association between '
'DII and CRP (β = 1.024, <jats:italic>P</jats:italic> &lt; 0.001), hospitalization (β = '
'1.062, <jats:italic>P</jats:italic> &lt; 0.001), WBC count (β = 0.486, '
'<jats:italic>P</jats:italic> &lt; 0.009), neutrophil count (β = 0.565, '
'<jats:italic>P</jats:italic> &lt; 0.001), and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (β = 0.538, '
'<jats:italic>P</jats:italic> &lt; 0.001) and a negative association between DII and the '
'lymphocyte count (β = −0.569, <jats:italic>P</jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). There was a '
'positive association between E-DII and hospitalization (β = 1.645, '
'<jats:italic>P</jats:italic> &lt; 0.001), WBC count (β = 0.417, '
'<jats:italic>P</jats:italic> &lt; 0.02), and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (β = 0.35, '
'<jats:italic>P</jats:italic> &lt; '
'0.03).</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion</jats:title><jats:p>There is a '
'positive correlation between DII and inflammation, immune hyperactivation, and length of '
'hospital stay in patients with COVID-19. Further longitudinal studies are '
'necessary.</jats:p></jats:sec>',
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