The association between adherence to unhealthy plant-based diet and risk of COVID-19: a cross-sectional study

DOI record: { "DOI": "10.1186/s12879-024-10115-7", "ISSN": [ "1471-2334" ], "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12879-024-10115-7", "alternative-id": [ "10115" ], "article-number": "1245", "assertion": [ { "group": { "label": "Article History", "name": "ArticleHistory" }, "label": "Received", "name": "received", "order": 1, "value": "14 August 2023" }, { "group": { "label": "Article History", "name": "ArticleHistory" }, "label": "Accepted", "name": "accepted", "order": 2, "value": "24 October 2024" }, { "group": { "label": "Article History", "name": "ArticleHistory" }, "label": "First Online", "name": "first_online", "order": 3, "value": "5 November 2024" }, { "group": { "label": "Declarations", "name": "EthicsHeading" }, "name": "Ethics", "order": 1 }, { "group": { "label": "Ethics approval and consent to participate", "name": "EthicsHeading" }, "name": "Ethics", "order": 2, "value": "The protocol of the current study was also approved by the ethics committee of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences (IR.SSU.SPH.REC.1403.145). An informed consent was obtained from all subjects and/or their legal guardian(s)." }, { "group": { "label": "Consent for publication", "name": "EthicsHeading" }, "name": "Ethics", "order": 3, "value": "Not applicable." }, { "group": { "label": "Competing interests", "name": "EthicsHeading" }, "name": "Ethics", "order": 4, "value": "The authors declare no competing interests." } ], "author": [ { "affiliation": [], "family": "Darand", "given": "Mina", "sequence": "first" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Golpour-Hamedani", "given": "Sahar", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Karimi", "given": "Elham", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Hassanizadeh", "given": "Shirin", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Mirzaei", "given": "Masoud", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Arabi", "given": "Vahid", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Nadjarzadeh", "given": "Azadeh", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Hosseinzadeh", "given": "Mahdieh", "sequence": "additional" } ], "container-title": "BMC Infectious Diseases", "container-title-short": "BMC Infect Dis", "content-domain": { "crossmark-restriction": false, "domain": [ "link.springer.com" ] }, "created": { "date-parts": [ [ 2024, 11, 5 ] ], "date-time": "2024-11-05T11:02:28Z", "timestamp": 1730804548000 }, "deposited": { "date-parts": [ [ 2024, 11, 5 ] ], "date-time": "2024-11-05T12:05:28Z", "timestamp": 1730808328000 }, "indexed": { "date-parts": [ [ 2024, 11, 6 ] ], "date-time": "2024-11-06T05:26:06Z", "timestamp": 1730870766084, "version": "3.28.0" }, "is-referenced-by-count": 0, "issue": "1", "issued": { "date-parts": [ [ 2024, 11, 5 ] ] }, "journal-issue": { "issue": "1", "published-online": { "date-parts": [ [ 2024, 12 ] ] } }, "language": "en", "license": [ { "URL": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0", "content-version": "tdm", "delay-in-days": 0, "start": { "date-parts": [ [ 2024, 11, 5 ] ], "date-time": "2024-11-05T00:00:00Z", "timestamp": 1730764800000 } }, { "URL": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0", "content-version": "vor", "delay-in-days": 0, "start": { "date-parts": [ [ 2024, 11, 5 ] ], "date-time": "2024-11-05T00:00:00Z", "timestamp": 1730764800000 } } ], "link": [ { "URL": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s12879-024-10115-7.pdf", "content-type": "application/pdf", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "text-mining" }, { "URL": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12879-024-10115-7/fulltext.html", "content-type": "text/html", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "text-mining" }, { "URL": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s12879-024-10115-7.pdf", "content-type": "application/pdf", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "similarity-checking" } ], "member": "297", "original-title": [], "prefix": "10.1186", "published": { "date-parts": [ [ 2024, 11, 5 ] ] }, "published-online": { "date-parts": [ [ 2024, 11, 5 ] ] }, "publisher": "Springer Science and Business Media LLC", "reference": [ { "DOI": "10.1038/ejcn.2011.162", "author": "AL Anderson", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "18", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "Eur J Clin Nutr", "key": "10115_CR1", "unstructured": "Anderson AL, Harris TB, Tylavsky FA, et al. Dietary patterns, insulin sensitivity and inflammation in older adults. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2012;66(1):18–24.", "volume": "66", "year": "2012" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154407", "author": "AM Angelidi", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "154407", "journal-title": "Metabolism", "key": "10115_CR2", "unstructured": "Angelidi AM, Kokkinos A, Katechaki E, et al. Mediterranean diet as a nutritional approach for COVID-19. Metabolism. 2021;114:154407.", "volume": "114", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1002/fsn3.1719", "author": "MS Arshad", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "3971", "issue": "8", "journal-title": "Food Sci Nutr", "key": "10115_CR3", "unstructured": "Arshad MS, Khan U, Sadiq A, et al. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and immunity booster green foods: a mini review. Food Sci Nutr. 2020;8(8):3971–6.", "volume": "8", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1093/jn/nxy301", "author": "MY Baden", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "676", "issue": "4", "journal-title": "J Nutr", "key": "10115_CR4", "unstructured": "Baden MY, Satija A, Hu FB, et al. Change in plant-based diet quality is associated with changes in plasma adiposity-associated biomarker concentrations in women. J Nutr. 2019;149(4):676–86.", "volume": "149", "year": "2019" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.jfca.2006.02.002", "author": "J Bodner-Montville", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "S100", "journal-title": "J Food Compos Anal", "key": "10115_CR5", "unstructured": "Bodner-Montville J, Ahuja JK, Ingwersen LA, et al. USDA food and nutrient database for dietary studies: released on the web. J Food Compos Anal. 2006;19:S100–7.", "volume": "19", "year": "2006" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.dsx.2019.07.019", "author": "P Bolori", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "2795", "issue": "4", "journal-title": "Diabetes Metab Syndr", "key": "10115_CR6", "unstructured": "Bolori P, Setaysh L, Rasaei N, et al. Adherence to a healthy plant diet may reduce inflammatory factors in obese and overweight women-a cross-sectional study. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2019;13(4):2795–802.", "volume": "13", "year": "2019" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.040", "author": "MJ Butler", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "53", "journal-title": "Brain Behav Immun", "key": "10115_CR7", "unstructured": "Butler MJ, Barrientos RM. The impact of nutrition on COVID-19 susceptibility and long-term consequences. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;87:53–4.", "volume": "87", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/nu12041181", "author": "PC Calder", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1181", "issue": "4", "journal-title": "Nutrients", "key": "10115_CR8", "unstructured": "Calder PC, Carr AC, Gombart AF, et al. Optimal nutritional status for a well-functioning immune system is an important factor to protect against viral infections. Nutrients. 2020;12(4):1181.", "volume": "12", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1155/2017/8526438", "author": "Y-C Cheng", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "8526438", "journal-title": "Oxid Med Cell Longev", "key": "10115_CR9", "unstructured": "Cheng Y-C, Sheen J-M, Hu WL, et al. Polyphenols and oxidative stress in atherosclerosis-related ischemic heart disease and stroke. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2017;2017:8526438.", "volume": "2017", "year": "2017" }, { "key": "10115_CR10", "unstructured": "Committee IR. Guidelines for data processing and analysis of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)-short and long forms. 2005. http://www.ipaq.ki.se/scoring.pdf." }, { "DOI": "10.1093/advances/nmy103", "author": "JC Craddock", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "433", "issue": "3", "journal-title": "Adv Nutr", "key": "10115_CR11", "unstructured": "Craddock JC, Neale EP, Peoples GE, et al. Vegetarian-based dietary patterns and their relation with inflammatory and immune biomarkers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Adv Nutr. 2019;10(3):433–51.", "volume": "10", "year": "2019" }, { "DOI": "10.1186/s12916-021-02168-1", "author": "M Deschasaux-Tanguy", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "BMC Med", "key": "10115_CR12", "unstructured": "Deschasaux-Tanguy M, Srour B, Bourhis L, et al. Nutritional risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection: a prospective study within the NutriNet-Santé cohort. BMC Med. 2021;19(1):1–18.", "volume": "19", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1002/oby.22818", "author": "W Dietz", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1005", "issue": "6", "journal-title": "Obesity", "key": "10115_CR13", "unstructured": "Dietz W, Santos-Burgoa C. Obesity and its implications for COVID-19 mortality. Obesity. 2020;28(6):1005.", "volume": "28", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1093/jn/137.4.992", "author": "A Esmaillzadeh", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "992", "issue": "4", "journal-title": "J Nutr", "key": "10115_CR14", "unstructured": "Esmaillzadeh A, Kimiagar M, Mehrabi Y, et al. Dietary patterns and markers of systemic inflammation among Iranian women. J Nutr. 2007;137(4):992–8.", "volume": "137", "year": "2007" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/nri3863", "author": "T Ganz", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "500", "issue": "8", "journal-title": "Nat Rev Immunol", "key": "10115_CR15", "unstructured": "Ganz T, Nemeth E. Iron homeostasis in host defence and inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol. 2015;15(8):500–10.", "volume": "15", "year": "2015" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.jacc.2006.03.052", "author": "D Giugliano", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "677", "issue": "4", "journal-title": "J Am Coll Cardiol", "key": "10115_CR16", "unstructured": "Giugliano D, Ceriello A, Esposito K. The effects of diet on inflammation: emphasis on the metabolic syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48(4):677–85.", "volume": "48", "year": "2006" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/nu12040988", "author": "WB Grant", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "988", "issue": "4", "journal-title": "Nutrients", "key": "10115_CR17", "unstructured": "Grant WB, Lahore H, McDonnell SL, et al. Evidence that vitamin D supplementation could reduce risk of influenza and COVID-19 infections and deaths. Nutrients. 2020;12(4):988.", "volume": "12", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1513/AnnalsATS.201706-447AW", "author": "WD Green", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "S406", "issue": "Supplement 5", "journal-title": "Ann Am Thorac Soc", "key": "10115_CR18", "unstructured": "Green WD, Beck MA. Obesity impairs the adaptive immune response to influenza virus. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2017;14(Supplement 5):S406–9.", "volume": "14", "year": "2017" }, { "DOI": "10.1080/17474124.2020.1733413", "author": "CS Grosse", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "137", "issue": "3", "journal-title": "Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol", "key": "10115_CR19", "unstructured": "Grosse CS, Christophersen CT, Devine A, et al. The role of a plant-based diet in the pathogenesis, etiology and management of the inflammatory bowel diseases. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;14(3):137–45.", "volume": "14", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.ijid.2020.08.018", "author": "JH Im", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "390", "journal-title": "Int J Infect Dis", "key": "10115_CR20", "unstructured": "Im JH, Je YS, Baek J, et al. Nutritional status of patients with COVID-19. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;100:390–3.", "volume": "100", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1093/jn/nxab059", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "10115_CR21", "unstructured": "James PT, Ali Z, Armitage AE, Bonell A, Cerami C, Drakesmith H, et al. The Role of Nutrition in COVID-19 Susceptibility and Severity of Disease: A Systematic Review. J Nutr. 2021;151(7):1854–78." }, { "DOI": "10.1017/S0007114520002895", "author": "H Kim", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "577", "issue": "5", "journal-title": "Br J Nutr", "key": "10115_CR22", "unstructured": "Kim H, Lee K, Rebholz CM, et al. Association between unhealthy plant-based diets and the metabolic syndrome in adult men and women: a population-based study in South Korea. Br J Nutr. 2021;125(5):577–90.", "volume": "125", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000272", "author": "H Kim", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "257", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "BMJ Nutr Prevention & Health", "key": "10115_CR23", "unstructured": "Kim H, Rebholz CM, Hegde S, et al. Plant-based diets, pescatarian diets and COVID-19 severity: a population-based case–control study in six countries. BMJ Nutr Prevention & Health. 2021;4(1):257.", "volume": "4", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1002/oby.22856", "author": "IL Kruglikov", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1187", "issue": "7", "journal-title": "Obesity", "key": "10115_CR24", "unstructured": "Kruglikov IL, Scherer PE. The role of adipocytes and adipocyte-like cells in the severity of COVID-19 infections. Obesity. 2020;28(7):1187–90.", "volume": "28", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1186/s12986-017-0233-z", "author": "A Kumar", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "Nutr Metab", "key": "10115_CR25", "unstructured": "Kumar A, Palfrey HA, Pathak R, et al. The metabolism and significance of homocysteine in nutrition and health. Nutr Metab. 2017;14(1):1–12.", "volume": "14", "year": "2017" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.053", "author": "X Li", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "128", "journal-title": "Int J Infect Dis", "key": "10115_CR26", "unstructured": "Li X, Wang L, Yan S, et al. Clinical characteristics of 25 death cases with COVID-19: a retrospective review of medical records in a single medical center, Wuhan, China. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;94:128–32.", "volume": "94", "year": "2020" }, { "author": "L Mahmood", "first-page": "5", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "J Health Res Rev", "key": "10115_CR27", "unstructured": "Mahmood L. The metabolic processes of folic acid and Vitamin B12 deficiency. J Health Res Rev. 2014;1(1):5.", "volume": "1", "year": "2014" }, { "DOI": "10.1136/gutjnl-2021-325353", "author": "J Merino", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "2096", "issue": "11", "journal-title": "Gut", "key": "10115_CR28", "unstructured": "Merino J, Joshi AD, Nguyen LH, et al. Diet quality and risk and severity of COVID-19: a prospective cohort study. Gut. 2021;70(11):2096–104.", "volume": "70", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1007/978-3-030-16073-9_6", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "10115_CR29", "unstructured": "Mikkelsen K and Apostolopoulos V. Vitamin B12, folic acid, and the immune system. Nutrition and immunity. Springer International Publishing; 2019. p. 103–14." }, { "DOI": "10.1093/ije/dyx231", "author": "M Mirzaei", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "697", "issue": "3", "journal-title": "Int J Epidemiol", "key": "10115_CR30", "unstructured": "Mirzaei M, Salehi-Abargouei A, Mirzaei M, et al. Cohort Profile: The Yazd Health Study (YaHS): a population-based study of adults aged 20–70 years (study design and baseline population data). Int J Epidemiol. 2017;47(3):697–698h.", "volume": "47", "year": "2017" }, { "author": "MB Moghaddam", "first-page": "1073", "issue": "8", "journal-title": "World Appl Sci J", "key": "10115_CR31", "unstructured": "Moghaddam MB, Aghdam FB, Jafarabadi MA, et al. The Iranian Version of International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) in Iran: content and construct validity, factor structure, internal consistency and stability. World Appl Sci J. 2012;18(8):1073–80.", "volume": "18", "year": "2012" }, { "key": "10115_CR32", "unstructured": "Molnár J, Pal M. The role of plant-based diet in protecting the immune system during the COVID-19 pandemic. 2021;8:48–50." }, { "DOI": "10.1007/s10059-010-0105-0", "author": "MJ Morgan", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "Mol Cells", "key": "10115_CR33", "unstructured": "Morgan MJ, Liu Z-g. Reactive oxygen species in TNFα-induced signaling and cell death. Mol Cells. 2010;30(1):1–12.", "volume": "30", "year": "2010" }, { "DOI": "10.3389/fimmu.2018.02279", "author": "VR Moulton", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "2279", "journal-title": "Front Immunol", "key": "10115_CR34", "unstructured": "Moulton VR. Sex hormones in acquired immunity and autoimmune disease. Front Immunol. 2018;9:2279.", "volume": "9", "year": "2018" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/s41598-021-82428-5", "author": "Y Nakano", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "Sci Rep", "key": "10115_CR35", "unstructured": "Nakano Y, Kurano M, Morita Y, et al. Time course of the sensitivity and specificity of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG antibodies for symptomatic COVID-19 in Japan. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):1–10.", "volume": "11", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.04.018", "author": "M Nicola", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "185", "journal-title": "Int J Surg", "key": "10115_CR36", "unstructured": "Nicola M, Alsafi Z, Sohrabi C, et al. The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): a review. Int J Surg. 2020;78:185–93.", "volume": "78", "year": "2020" }, { "author": "L Palaiodimos", "first-page": "154262", "journal-title": "New York Metab", "key": "10115_CR37", "unstructured": "Palaiodimos L, Kokkinidis DG, Li W, et al. Severe obesity, increasing age and male sex are independently associated with worse in-hospital outcomes, and higher in-hospital mortality, in a cohort of patients with COVID-19 in the Bronx. New York Metab. 2020;108:154262.", "volume": "108", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1111/ijcp.14429", "author": "S Pourreza", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "e14429", "issue": "9", "journal-title": "Int J Clin Pract", "key": "10115_CR38", "unstructured": "Pourreza S, Khademi Z, Mirzababaei A, et al. Association of plant-based diet index with inflammatory markers and sleep quality in overweight and obese female adults: a cross-sectional study. Int J Clin Pract. 2021;75(9):e14429.", "volume": "75", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1093/cid/ciaa248", "author": "C Qin", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "762", "issue": "15", "journal-title": "China Clin Infect Dis", "key": "10115_CR39", "unstructured": "Qin C, Zhou L, Hu Z, et al. Dysregulation of immune response in patients with coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan. China Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(15):762–8.", "volume": "71", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1371/journal.pmed.1002039", "author": "A Satija", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "e1002039", "issue": "6", "journal-title": "PLoS Med", "key": "10115_CR40", "unstructured": "Satija A, Bhupathiraju SN, Rimm EB, et al. Plant-based dietary patterns and incidence of type 2 diabetes in US men and women: results from three prospective cohort studies. PLoS Med. 2016;13(6):e1002039.", "volume": "13", "year": "2016" }, { "DOI": "10.1093/ajcn/nqz049", "author": "A Satija", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "574", "issue": "3", "journal-title": "Am J Clin Nutr", "key": "10115_CR41", "unstructured": "Satija A, Malik V, Rimm EB, et al. Changes in intake of plant-based diets and weight change: results from 3 prospective cohort studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 2019;110(3):574–82.", "volume": "110", "year": "2019" }, { "DOI": "10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047659", "author": "N Sattar", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "4", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "Circulation", "key": "10115_CR42", "unstructured": "Sattar N, McInnes IB, McMurray JJ. Obesity is a risk factor for severe COVID-19 infection: multiple potential mechanisms. Circulation. 2020;142(1):4–6.", "volume": "142", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/nu11010053", "author": "A Serino", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "53", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "Nutrients", "key": "10115_CR43", "unstructured": "Serino A, Salazar G. Protective role of polyphenols against vascular inflammation, aging and cardiovascular disease. Nutrients. 2019;11(1):53.", "volume": "11", "year": "2019" }, { "DOI": "10.5772/intechopen.96610", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "10115_CR44", "unstructured": "Setiawan B, Masfufatun M. Dietary patterns for immunity support and systemic inflammation against infections: a narrative review. Functional foods: phytochemicals and health promoting potential. 2021:291." }, { "DOI": "10.1080/20502877.2020.1767921", "author": "MA Storz", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "141", "issue": "2", "journal-title": "N Bioethics", "key": "10115_CR45", "unstructured": "Storz MA. Will the plant-based movement redefine physicians’ understanding of chronic disease? N Bioethics. 2020;26(2):141–57.", "volume": "26", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1007/s13668-021-00369-x", "author": "MA Storz", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1", "journal-title": "Curr Nutr Rep", "key": "10115_CR46", "unstructured": "Storz MA. Lifestyle adjustments in long-COVID management: potential benefits of plant-based diets. Curr Nutr Rep. 2021;10:1–12.", "volume": "10", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1080/14737159.2020.1757437", "author": "A Tahamtan", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "453", "issue": "5", "journal-title": "Expert Rev Mol Diagn", "key": "10115_CR47", "unstructured": "Tahamtan A, Ardebili A. Real-time RT-PCR in COVID-19 detection: issues affecting the results. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2020;20(5):453–4.", "volume": "20", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1093/ofid/ofw262", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "10115_CR48", "unstructured": "Tempia S, Walaza S, Moyes J, Cohen AL, von Mollendorf C, Treurnicht FK, et al. Risk factors for influenza-associated severe acute respiratory illness hospitalization in South Africa, 2012-2015. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2017;4(1):ofw262." }, { "DOI": "10.3390/nu13051536", "author": "YB Wang", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1536", "issue": "5", "journal-title": "Nutrients", "key": "10115_CR49", "unstructured": "Wang YB, Shivappa N, Hébert JR, et al. Association between dietary inflammatory index, dietary patterns, plant-based dietary index and the risk of obesity. Nutrients. 2021;13(5):1536.", "volume": "13", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1007/s00702-010-0479-3", "author": "RJ Ward", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "315", "issue": "3", "journal-title": "J Neural Transm", "key": "10115_CR50", "unstructured": "Ward RJ, Crichton RR, Taylor DL, et al. Iron and the immune system. J Neural Transm. 2011;118(3):315–28.", "volume": "118", "year": "2011" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/nu12051466", "author": "I Zabetakis", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1466", "issue": "5", "journal-title": "Nutrients", "key": "10115_CR51", "unstructured": "Zabetakis I, Lordan R, Norton C, et al. COVID-19: the inflammation link and the role of nutrition in potential mitigation. Nutrients. 2020;12(5):1466.", "volume": "12", "year": "2020" } ], "reference-count": 51, "references-count": 51, "relation": {}, "resource": { "primary": { "URL": "https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-024-10115-7" } }, "score": 1, "short-title": [], "source": "Crossref", "subject": [], "subtitle": [], "title": "The association between adherence to unhealthy plant-based diet and risk of COVID-19: a cross-sectional study", "type": "journal-article", "update-policy": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy", "volume": "24" }