Abstract: medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.30.20217364; this version posted November 30, 2020. The copyright holder for this
preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity.
It is made available under a CC-BY 4.0 International license .
Honey and Nigella sativa against COVID-19 in Pakistan (HNS-COVID-PK):
A multi-center placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial
Sohaib Ashraf1,2, Shoaib Ashraf 2, Moneeb Ashraf3, Muhammad Ahmad Imran3, Larab
Kalsoom3, Uzma Nasim Siddiqui3, Iqra Farooq3, Zaighum Habib, Sidra Ashraf, Muhammad
Ghufran, Muhammad Kiwan Akram, Nighat Majeed, Zain-ul-Abdin, Rutaba Akmal, Sundas
Rafique, Khawar Nawaz, Muhammad Ismail K Yousaf, Sohail Ahmad, Muhammad Sarmad
Shahab, Muhammad Faisal Nadeem, Muhammad Azam, Hui Zheng, Amber Malik, Mahmood
Ayyaz, Talha Mahmud, Qazi Abdul Saboor, Ali Ahmad, Muhammad Ashraf, Mateen Izhar for
the COALITION COVID-19 Shaikh Zayed Ω
1 Correspondence
to:
Dr Sohaib Ashraf: Department of Cardiology, Shaikh Zayed Post-Graduate Medical
Complex, Lahore, 54600, Pakistan.
sohaib-ashraf@outlook.com
2 Joint
3
First Author
Joint Second Author
NOTE: This preprint reports new research that has not been certified by peer review and should not be used to guide clinical practice.
medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.30.20217364; this version posted November 30, 2020. The copyright holder for this
preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity.
It is made available under a CC-BY 4.0 International license .
Ω COALITION COVID-19 Shaikh Zayed:
Abubakar Hilal, Arz Muhammad, Zeeshan Shaukat, Ayesha Khaqan, Kanwal Hayat, Shahroze Arshad,
Muhammad Hassan, Abeer-bin-Awais, Ammara Ahmad, Tayyab Mughal, Abdur Rehman Virk,
Muhammad Umer, Muhammad Suhail, Sibgha Zulfiqar, Saulat Sarfraz, Muhammad Imran Anwar,
Ayesha Humayun
Affiliations:
1. Department of Cardiology, Shaikh Zayed Post-Graduate Medical Complex, Lahore,
Pakistan.
i. S Ashraf, MBBS
ii. Z U Abdin, MBBS
iii. A Hilal, MBBS
iv. A Muhammad, MBBS
v. Z Shaukat, MBBS
vi. A Khaqan, MBBS
vii. K Hayat, M.Phil
viii. Prof. Q A Saboor
2. Department of Pathobiology, Riphah University, Lahore, Pakistan
i. Sh Ashraf, PhD
3. Department of Pharmacology, Kingedward Medical University, Mayo Hospital, Lahore,
Pakistan.
i. M Ashraf, MBBS
4. Department of Microbiology, Shaikh Zayed Post-Graduate Medical Institute, Lahore,
Pakistan.
i. M A Imran, MBBS
medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.30.20217364; this version posted November 30, 2020. The copyright holder for this
preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity.
It is made available under a CC-BY 4.0 International license .
ii. Prof. M Izhar, PhD
5. Division of Telemedicine, Doctor’s Lounge, Lahore, Pakistan.
i. M A Imran, MBBS
ii. M S Shahab, MBBS
iii. I Farooq, MBBS
iv. S Rafique, MBBS
6. Department of Internal Medicine, Services Institute of Medical Sciences, Lahore,
Pakistan.
i. L Kalsoom, MBBS
ii. N Majeed, MBBS
7. Department of Medicine, Port Macquarie Base Hospital, New South Wales, Australia.
i. U N Siddique, MBBS
8. Department of Internal Medicine, Shaikh Zayed Post-Graduate Medical Institute, Lahore,
Pakistan.
i. S Arshad, MBBS
ii. M Hassan, MBBS
iii. U N Siddique, MBBS
9...
{ 'indexed': { 'date-parts': [[2022, 11, 25]],
'date-time': '2022-11-25T05:51:48Z',
'timestamp': 1669355508418},
'reference-count': 48,
'publisher': 'Wiley',
'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2022, 11, 24]],
'date-time': '2022-11-24T00:00:00Z',
'timestamp': 1669248000000},
'content-version': 'vor',
'delay-in-days': 0,
'URL': 'http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor'},
{ 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2022, 11, 24]],
'date-time': '2022-11-24T00:00:00Z',
'timestamp': 1669248000000},
'content-version': 'tdm',
'delay-in-days': 0,
'URL': 'http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1'}],
'content-domain': {'domain': ['onlinelibrary.wiley.com'], 'crossmark-restriction': True},
'DOI': '10.1002/ptr.7640',
'type': 'journal-article',
'created': { 'date-parts': [[2022, 11, 24]],
'date-time': '2022-11-24T15:20:47Z',
'timestamp': 1669303247000},
'update-policy': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/crossmark_policy',
'source': 'Crossref',
'is-referenced-by-count': 0,
'title': 'Honey and\n'
' <scp>\n'
' <i>Nigella sativa</i>\n'
' </scp>\n'
' against\n'
' <scp>COVID</scp>\n'
' ‐19 in Pakistan (\n'
' <scp>HNS‐COVID‐PK</scp>\n'
' ): A multicenter placebo‐controlled randomized clinical trial',
'prefix': '10.1002',
'author': [ { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3127-3557',
'authenticated-orcid': False,
'given': 'Sohaib',
'family': 'Ashraf',
'sequence': 'first',
'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Cardiology Shaikh Zayed Post‐Graduate Medical '
'Institute Lahore Pakistan'}]},
{ 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1218-4877',
'authenticated-orcid': False,
'given': 'Shoaib',
'family': 'Ashraf',
'sequence': 'additional',
'affiliation': [{'name': 'Department of Pathobiology Riphah University Lahore Pakistan'}]},
{ 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5769-9524',
'authenticated-orcid': False,
'given': 'Moneeb',
'family': 'Ashraf',
'sequence': 'additional',
'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Pharmacology King Edward Medical University, Mayo '
'Hospital Lahore Pakistan'}]},
{ 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3358-229X',
'authenticated-orcid': False,
'given': 'Muhammad Ahmad',
'family': 'Imran',
'sequence': 'additional',
'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Microbiology Shaikh Zayed Post‐Graduate Medical '
'Institute Lahore Pakistan'}]},
{ 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1075-6285',
'authenticated-orcid': False,
'given': 'Larab',
'family': 'Kalsoom',
'sequence': 'additional',
'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Internal Medicine Services Institute of Medical '
'Sciences Lahore Pakistan'}]},
{ 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1004-5689',
'authenticated-orcid': False,
'given': 'Uzma N.',
'family': 'Siddiqui',
'sequence': 'additional',
'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Medicine Port Macquarie Base Hospital Port '
'Macquarie New South Wales Australia'},
{ 'name': 'Department of Internal Medicine Shaikh Zayed Post‐Graduate '
'Medical Institute Lahore Pakistan'}]},
{ 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9832-9589',
'authenticated-orcid': False,
'given': 'Iqra',
'family': 'Farooq',
'sequence': 'additional',
'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Pediatrics Surgery Children Hospital Lahore '
'Pakistan'}]},
{ 'given': 'Rutaba',
'family': 'Akmal',
'sequence': 'additional',
'affiliation': [{'name': 'Department of Medicine Sahara Medical College Narowal Pakistan'}]},
{ 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8415-9363',
'authenticated-orcid': False,
'given': 'Muhammad Kiwan',
'family': 'Akram',
'sequence': 'additional',
'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Nutrition University of Veterinary and Animal '
'Sciences Lahore Pakistan'}]},
{ 'given': 'Sidra',
'family': 'Ashraf',
'sequence': 'additional',
'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Biochemistry University of Veterinary and Animal '
'Sciences Lahore Pakistan'}]},
{ 'given': 'Muhammad',
'family': 'Ghufran',
'sequence': 'additional',
'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Medico Cirujano ESACHS (Empresa de Servico Externo de la '
'Asociacion Chilena de Seguridad) Santiago Chile'}]},
{ 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0238-7520',
'authenticated-orcid': False,
'given': 'Nighat',
'family': 'Majeed',
'sequence': 'additional',
'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Internal Medicine Services Institute of Medical '
'Sciences Lahore Pakistan'}]},
{ 'given': 'Zaighum',
'family': 'Habib',
'sequence': 'additional',
'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Orthopedics Shaikh Zayed Post‐Graduate Medical '
'Complex Lahore Pakistan'}]},
{ 'given': 'Sundas',
'family': 'Rafique',
'sequence': 'additional',
'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Oncology Mayo Hospital, King Edward Medical '
'University Lahore Pakistan'}]},
{ 'given': 'Zain‐ul',
'family': '‐Abdin',
'sequence': 'additional',
'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Cardiology Shaikh Zayed Post‐Graduate Medical '
'Institute Lahore Pakistan'}]},
{ 'given': 'Shahroze',
'family': 'Arshad',
'sequence': 'additional',
'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Internal Medicine Shaikh Zayed Post‐Graduate '
'Medical Institute Lahore Pakistan'}]},
{ 'given': 'Muhammad Sarmad',
'family': 'Shahab',
'sequence': 'additional',
'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Internal Medicine Allied Hospital, Faisalabad '
'Medical University Faisalabad Pakistan'}]},
{ 'given': 'Sohail',
'family': 'Ahmad',
'sequence': 'additional',
'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Poultry Production University of Veterinary and '
'Animal Sciences Lahore Pakistan'}]},
{ 'given': 'Hui',
'family': 'Zheng',
'sequence': 'additional',
'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard '
'Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA'}]},
{ 'given': 'Ali Rafique',
'family': 'Mirza',
'sequence': 'additional',
'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Plastic Surgery Shaikh Zayed Post‐Graduate Medical '
'Institute Lahore Pakistan'}]},
{ 'given': 'Sibgha',
'family': 'Zulfiqar',
'sequence': 'additional',
'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Physiology Shaikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al‐Nahyan '
'Medical and Dental College Lahore Pakistan'}]},
{ 'given': 'Muhamad Imran',
'family': 'Anwar',
'sequence': 'additional',
'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of General Surgery Shaikh Zayed Post‐Graduate Medical '
'Institute Lahore Pakistan'}]},
{ 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7992-8765',
'authenticated-orcid': False,
'given': 'Ayesha',
'family': 'Humayun',
'sequence': 'additional',
'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Public Health and Community Medicine Shaikh Zayed '
'Postgraduate Medical Institute Lahore Pakistan'}]},
{ 'given': 'Talha',
'family': 'Mahmud',
'sequence': 'additional',
'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Pulmonology Shaikh Zayed Post‐Graduate Medical '
'Institute Lahore Pakistan'}]},
{ 'given': 'Qazi Abdul',
'family': 'Saboor',
'sequence': 'additional',
'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Cardiology Shaikh Zayed Post‐Graduate Medical '
'Institute Lahore Pakistan'}]},
{ 'given': 'Ali',
'family': 'Ahmad',
'sequence': 'additional',
'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases & Immunology '
'Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Sainte Justine/University '
'of Montreal Montreal Quebec Canada'}]},
{ 'given': 'Muhammad',
'family': 'Ashraf',
'sequence': 'additional',
'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of '
'Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore Pakistan'}]},
{ 'given': 'Mateen',
'family': 'Izhar',
'sequence': 'additional',
'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Microbiology Shaikh Zayed Post‐Graduate Medical '
'Institute Lahore Pakistan'}]},
{'name': 'DOCTORS LOUNGE consortium', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}],
'member': '311',
'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2022, 11, 24]]},
'reference': [ {'key': 'e_1_2_12_2_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1089/jmf.2018.4303'},
{'key': 'e_1_2_12_3_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1136/bmjebm-2020-111336'},
{'key': 'e_1_2_12_4_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1136/bmj.m3379'},
{ 'key': 'e_1_2_12_5_1',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.hermed.2020.100404'},
{ 'issue': '3',
'key': 'e_1_2_12_6_1',
'first-page': '389',
'article-title': 'Effect of natural honey on human platelets and blood coagulation '
'proteins',
'volume': '24',
'author': 'Ahmed A.',
'year': '2011',
'journal-title': 'Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences'},
{'key': 'e_1_2_12_7_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.3390/molecules25215017'},
{'key': 'e_1_2_12_8_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.3390/molecules26051232'},
{'key': 'e_1_2_12_9_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41598-021-91089-3'},
{ 'issue': '31',
'key': 'e_1_2_12_10_1',
'first-page': '6857',
'article-title': 'Effect of Nigella sativa and bee honey on pulmonary, hepatic and renal '
'function in Sudanese in Khartoum state',
'volume': '5',
'author': 'Ameen N. M. A.',
'year': '2011',
'journal-title': 'Journal of Medicinal Plants Research'},
{ 'issue': '1',
'key': 'e_1_2_12_11_1',
'first-page': '1',
'article-title': 'Mechanistic similarity of immuno‐modulatory and anti‐viral effects of '
'chloroquine and quercetin (the naturally occurring flavonoid)',
'volume': '4',
'author': 'Anwar E.',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Clinical Immunology and Research'},
{ 'key': 'e_1_2_12_12_1',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'DOI': '10.1186/s13063-021-05510-3'},
{'key': 'e_1_2_12_13_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1056/NEJMoa2007764'},
{ 'issue': '3',
'key': 'e_1_2_12_14_1',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '376',
'DOI': '10.5530/ijper.50.3.9',
'article-title': 'Effects of Nigella sativa (Kalonji) and honey on lipid profile of hyper '
'lipidemic smokers',
'volume': '50',
'author': 'Bhatti I.',
'year': '2016',
'journal-title': 'Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research'},
{'key': 'e_1_2_12_15_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1056/NEJMoa2001282'},
{'key': 'e_1_2_12_16_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.3390/molecules23092322'},
{'key': 'e_1_2_12_17_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.3389/fimmu.2020.01451'},
{ 'key': 'e_1_2_12_18_1',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.phrs.2015.03.011'},
{'key': 'e_1_2_12_19_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.2147/ijgm.S318720'},
{'key': 'e_1_2_12_20_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.2147/ijgm.S318949'},
{ 'issue': '6',
'key': 'e_1_2_12_21_1',
'first-page': '397',
'article-title': 'TaibUVID nutritional supplements help rapid cure of COVID‐19 infection '
'and rapid reversion to negative nasopharyngeal swab PCR: For better '
'public prophylaxis and treatment of COVID‐19 pandemic',
'volume': '10',
'author': 'El Sayed S. M.',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'American Journal of Blood Research'},
{ 'issue': '5',
'key': 'e_1_2_12_22_1',
'first-page': '266',
'article-title': 'Promising preventive and therapeutic effects of TaibUVID nutritional '
'supplements for COVID‐19 pandemic: Towards better public prophylaxis '
'and treatment (a retrospective study)',
'volume': '10',
'author': 'El Sayed S. M.',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'American Journal of Blood Research'},
{'key': 'e_1_2_12_23_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.nut.2020.110948'},
{'key': 'e_1_2_12_24_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.jep.2016.06.061'},
{'key': 'e_1_2_12_25_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1056/NEJMoa2021436'},
{'key': 'e_1_2_12_26_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1056/NEJMoa2022926'},
{'key': 'e_1_2_12_27_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1001/jama.2021.2747'},
{'key': 'e_1_2_12_28_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.7326/m20-8148'},
{ 'key': 'e_1_2_12_29_1',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'DOI': '10.1080/13880209.2021.1931353'},
{ 'key': 'e_1_2_12_30_1',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.ctim.2021.102769'},
{ 'key': 'e_1_2_12_31_1',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.curtheres.2020.100602'},
{ 'key': 'e_1_2_12_32_1',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153277'},
{'key': 'e_1_2_12_33_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1002/iub.578'},
{'key': 'e_1_2_12_34_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1093/jac/dkab093'},
{'key': 'e_1_2_12_35_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1001/jama.2020.10044'},
{ 'key': 'e_1_2_12_36_1',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'DOI': '10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039519'},
{'key': 'e_1_2_12_37_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1136/bmj.m1461'},
{'key': 'e_1_2_12_38_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1177/1178633717702869'},
{ 'issue': '1',
'key': 'e_1_2_12_39_1',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '24',
'DOI': '10.22317/jcms.v5i1.517',
'article-title': 'Evaluation of Nigella sativa and honey combination for treatment of '
'kidney stone: A randomized, placebo controlled clinical trial',
'volume': '5',
'author': 'Moghimipour E.',
'year': '2019',
'journal-title': 'Journal of Contemporary Medical Sciences'},
{'key': 'e_1_2_12_40_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1056/NEJMoa2023184'},
{ 'key': 'e_1_2_12_41_1',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'DOI': '10.1186/s12906-020-03170-5'},
{'key': 'e_1_2_12_42_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1093/advances/nmz013'},
{'key': 'e_1_2_12_43_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1136/bmj.k3651'},
{ 'key': 'e_1_2_12_44_1',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'DOI': '10.1007/s11356-021-14195-9'},
{ 'key': 'e_1_2_12_45_1',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.173890'},
{'key': 'e_1_2_12_46_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.3831/kpi.2017.20.021'},
{'key': 'e_1_2_12_47_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1126/science.abd3255'},
{'key': 'e_1_2_12_48_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1007/s11033-014-3019-7'},
{ 'key': 'e_1_2_12_49_1',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'DOI': '10.1002/jlb.3covr0520-272r'}],
'container-title': 'Phytotherapy Research',
'original-title': [],
'language': 'en',
'link': [ { 'URL': 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ptr.7640',
'content-type': 'application/pdf',
'content-version': 'vor',
'intended-application': 'text-mining'},
{ 'URL': 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full-xml/10.1002/ptr.7640',
'content-type': 'application/xml',
'content-version': 'vor',
'intended-application': 'text-mining'},
{ 'URL': 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ptr.7640',
'content-type': 'unspecified',
'content-version': 'vor',
'intended-application': 'similarity-checking'}],
'deposited': { 'date-parts': [[2022, 11, 24]],
'date-time': '2022-11-24T15:21:00Z',
'timestamp': 1669303260000},
'score': 1,
'resource': {'primary': {'URL': 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ptr.7640'}},
'subtitle': [],
'short-title': [],
'issued': {'date-parts': [[2022, 11, 24]]},
'references-count': 48,
'alternative-id': ['10.1002/ptr.7640'],
'URL': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.7640',
'relation': {},
'ISSN': ['0951-418X', '1099-1573'],
'subject': ['Pharmacology'],
'container-title-short': 'Phytotherapy Research',
'published': {'date-parts': [[2022, 11, 24]]},
'assertion': [ { 'value': '2022-01-03',
'order': 0,
'name': 'received',
'label': 'Received',
'group': {'name': 'publication_history', 'label': 'Publication History'}},
{ 'value': '2022-09-18',
'order': 1,
'name': 'accepted',
'label': 'Accepted',
'group': {'name': 'publication_history', 'label': 'Publication History'}},
{ 'value': '2022-11-24',
'order': 2,
'name': 'published',
'label': 'Published',
'group': {'name': 'publication_history', 'label': 'Publication History'}}]}
