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Nirmatrelvir and Molnupiravir and Post–COVID-19 Condition in Older Patients

Fung et al., JAMA Internal Medicine, doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2023.5099
Oct 2023  
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PASC, COVID-19 4% Improvement Relative Risk PASC, all 8% Molnupiravir  Fung et al.  EARLY TREATMENT  LONG COVID Does molnupiravir reduce the risk of long COVID (PASC)? Retrospective 261,706 patients in the USA (January - September 2022) Lower PASC with molnupiravir (p=0.001) c19early.org Fung et al., JAMA Internal Medicine, Oct 2023 Favorsmolnupiravir Favorscontrol 0 0.5 1 1.5 2+
Retrospective 8,089 molnupiravir patients in the USA showing a small reduction in long COVID with treatment.
Confounding is likely significant as below, and may eliminate the benefit. Results specific to the COVID-19 code should be closer to the actual efficacy due to likely lower average severity of the additional treatment patients included based on home tests.
Confounding by treatment propensity. This study analyzes a population where only a fraction of eligible patients received the treatment. Patients receiving treatment may be more likely to follow other recommendations, more likely to receive additional care, and more likely to use additional treatments that are not tracked in the data (e.g., nasal/oral hygiene1,2, vitamin D3, etc.) — either because the physician recommending molnupiravir also recommended them, or because the patient seeking out molnupiravir is more likely to be familiar with the efficacy of additional treatments and more likely to take the time to use them. Therefore, these kind of studies may overestimate the efficacy of treatments.
Potential risks include the creation of dangerous variants, and mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, teratogenicity, and embryotoxicity4-13. Multiple analyses have identified variants potentially created by molnupiravir14-17.
Study covers paxlovid and molnupiravir.
risk of PASC, 4.0% lower, HR 0.96, p = 0.001, COVID-19 only, Cox proportional hazards.
risk of PASC, 8.0% lower, HR 0.92, p < 0.001, including patients without COVID-19 code, Cox proportional hazards.
Effect extraction follows pre-specified rules prioritizing more serious outcomes. Submit updates
Fung et al., 23 Oct 2023, retrospective, USA, peer-reviewed, 4 authors, study period January 2022 - September 2022. Contact: kfung@mail.nih.gov.
This PaperMolnupiravirAll
Abstract: Letters RESEARCH LETTER Nirmatrelvir and Molnupiravir and Post–COVID-19 Condition in Older Patients While the COVID-19 pandemic appears to be winding down, its effects are still felt by the millions of people worldwide experiencing post–COVID-19 condition (PCC, or long COVID).1 The antiviral drug nirmatrelvir (marketed as Paxlovid [Pfizer], in combination with ritonavir) and molnupiravir (Lagevrio Supplemental content [Merch]) are recommended as first- and second-line treatments for acute illness in patients with specific risk factors (eg, diabetes).2 However, there are still no US Food and Drug Administration–approved drugs for the treatment or prevention of PCC. Recent studies among US veterans (mostly male) suggest that nirmatrelvir and molnupiravir reduce the risk of some sequelae of COVID-19.3,4 We performed a cohort study of the 2 drugs in PCC in older patients who were Medicare enrollees. Methods | The cohort came from Medicare enrollees aged 65 years or older diagnosed with COVID-19 between January and September 2022. COVID-19 was identified with an outpatient International Statistical Classif ication of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification code of U07.1. In January 2022, free home COVID-19 tests became available and not all positive self-tests were captured in Medicare data. Therefore, we also considered the prescription of nirmatrelvir or molnupiravir to be indicative of COVID-19 because no other indications existed. Following previous work, 5 we identified PCC based on the World Health Organization (WHO) consensus clinical definition.6 Any new occurrence (not present prior to COVID-19 diagnosis) of the 11 symptoms between 4 to 12 weeks after infection was considered as PCC. We used an extended Cox regression with propensity score adjustment to examine the 2 drugs and the incidence of PCC. We included age, sex, race, geographic region, dual eligibility, low-income subsidy, and 51 chronic comorbidities as covariates as included Table 1. Hazard Ratio Based on Cox Regression Modela Event rate, % (95% CI) Index variable Reference No. (%) Hazard ratio (95% CI) Index group Reference group Absolute risk reductionb Nirmatrelvir None 439 134 (19.5) 0.87 (0.86 to 0.88) 11.8 (11.7 to 11.9) 14.5 (14.4 to 14.6) 2.7 Molnupiravir None 58 914 (2.6) 0.92 (0.90 to 0.94) 13.7 (13.5 to 14.0) 14.5 (14.4 to 14.6) 0.8 Female Male 1 313 415 (58.5) 1.17 (1.16 to 1.18) 14.5 (14.4 to 14.6) 13.2 (13.1 to 13.2) −1.3 70-74 65-69 656 324 (29.2) 0.78 (0.77 to 0.79) 12.7 (12.7 to 12.8) 12.0 (11.9 to 12.1) −0.7 75-79 65-69 509 291 (22.7) 0.70 (0.69 to 0.71) 14.2 (14.1 to 14.3) 12.0 (11.9 to 12.1) −2.2 80-84 65-69 324 008 (14.4) 0.64 (0.63 to 0.66) 15.8 (15.7 to 16.0) 12.0 (11.9 to 12.1) −3.8 ≥85 65-69 313 754 (14.0) 0.61 (0.60 to 0.63) 16.9 (16.7 to 17.0) 12.0 (11.9 to 12.1) −4.9 Asian White 81 073 (3.6) 1.10 (1.07 to 1.12) 13.3 (13.0 to 13.5) 13.9 (13.9 to 14.0) 0.6 Black White 82 249 (3.7) 1.24 (1.22 to 1.27) 15.3 (15.0 to 15.5) 13.9 (13.9 to 14.0) −1.4 Hispanic White 93 325 (4.2) 1.02 (1.00 to 1.04) 15.4 (15.1 to 15.6) 13.9 (13.9 to 14.0) −1.5 Otherd White 93 011 (4.1) 1.04 (1.02 to 1.06) 12.4 (12.1 to 12.6) 13.9 (13.9 to 14.0) 1.5 Dual eligibility Nondual 244 874 (10.9) 1.06 (1.05 to 1.08) 16.6 (16.5 to 16.8) 13.6 (13.5 to 13.6) −3.0 Low-income subsidy Nondual 21 049 (0.9) 1.07 (1.03 to 1.10) 16.4 (15.9 to 16.9) 13.6 (13.5 to..
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