Early transfusIon of COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma in Elderly COVID-19 Patients to Prevent Disease Progression

Teofili et al., NCT04374526, LIFESAVER, NCT04374526, May 2021
Mortality -100% improvement lower risk ← → higher risk Conv. Plasma  LIFESAVER  LATE TREATMENT RCT Is late treatment with convalescent plasma beneficial? RCT 29 patients in Italy Trial underpowered to detect differences c19early.org Teofili et al., NCT04374526, May 2021 0 0.5 1 1.5 2+ RR
RCT 12 patients in Italy, showing no significant difference with convalescent plasma treatment. Results are from Axfors et al..
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risk of death, 100% higher, RR 2.00, p = 1.00, treatment 1 of 4 (25.0%), control 1 of 8 (12.5%).
Effect extraction follows pre-specified rules prioritizing more serious outcomes. Submit updates
Teofili et al., 26 May 2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, Italy, preprint, 1 author, trial NCT04374526 (history) (LIFESAVER).
$0 $500 $1,000+ Efficacy vs. cost for COVID-19 treatment protocols c19early.org December 2025 Italy United Kingdom Russia USA Sudan Angola Colombia Kenya Mozambique Vietnam Peru Philippines China Uzbekistan Nepal Ethiopia Iran Ghana Mexico South Korea Germany Bangladesh Saudi Arabia Algeria Morocco Yemen Poland India DR Congo Madagascar Thailand Uganda Venezuela Nigeria Egypt Bolivia Taiwan Zambia Fiji Bosnia-Herzegovina Ukraine Côte d'Ivoire Bulgaria Greece Slovakia Singapore Iceland New Zealand Czechia Mongolia Israel Trinidad and Tobago Hong Kong North Macedonia Belarus Qatar Panama Serbia CAR Italy favored high-profit treatments.The average efficacy of treatments was very low.High-cost protocols reduce early treatment, andforgo complementary/synergistic benefits. More effective More expensive 75% 50% 25% ≤0%
$0 $500 $1,000+ Efficacy vs. cost for COVID-19treatment protocols worldwide c19early.org December 2025 Italy United Kingdom Russia USA Sudan Angola Colombia Kenya Mozambique Vietnam Peru Philippines China Uzbekistan Nepal Ethiopia Iran Ghana Mexico South Korea Germany Bangladesh Saudi Arabia Algeria Morocco Yemen Poland India DR Congo Madagascar Thailand Uganda Venezuela Nigeria Egypt Bolivia Taiwan Zambia Fiji Bosnia-Herzegovina Ukraine Côte d'Ivoire Eritrea Bulgaria Greece Slovakia Singapore New Zealand Malawi Czechia Mongolia Israel Trinidad and Tobago North Macedonia Belarus Qatar Panama Serbia Syria Italy favored high-profit treatments.The average efficacy was very low.High-cost protocols reduce early treatment,and forgo complementary/synergistic benefits. More effective More expensive 75% 50% 25% ≤0%
Late treatment
is less effective
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