Pathological Features and Neuroinflammatory Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 in the Brain and Potential Therapeutic Approaches
Aisha Sodagar, Rasab Javed, Hira Tahir, Saiful Izwan Abd Razak, Muhammad Shakir, Muhammad Naeem, Abdul Halim Abdul Yusof, Suresh Sagadevan, Abu Hazafa, Jalal Uddin, Ajmal Khan, Ahmed Al-Harrasi
Biomolecules, doi:10.3390/biom12070971
The number of deaths has been increased due to COVID-19 infections and uncertain neurological complications associated with the central nervous system. Post-infections and neurological manifestations in neuronal tissues caused by COVID-19 are still unknown and there is a need to explore how brainstorming promoted congenital impairment, dementia, and Alzheimer's disease. SARS-CoV-2 neuro-invasion studies in vivo are still rare, despite the fact that other beta-coronaviruses have shown similar properties. Neural (olfactory or vagal) and hematogenous (crossing the bloodbrain barrier) pathways have been hypothesized in light of new evidence showing the existence of SARS-CoV-2 host cell entry receptors into the specific components of human nerve and vascular tissue. Spike proteins are the primary key and structural component of the COVID-19 that promotes the infection into brain cells. Neurological manifestations and serious neurodegeneration occur through the binding of spike proteins to ACE2 receptor. The emerging evidence reported that, due to the high rate in the immediate wake of viral infection, the olfactory bulb, thalamus, and brain stem are intensely infected through a trans-synaptic transfer of the virus. It also instructs the release of chemokines, cytokines, and inflammatory signals immensely to the blood-brain barrier and infects the astrocytes, which causes neuroinflammation and neuron death; and this induction of excessive inflammation and immune response developed in more neurodegeneration complications. The present review revealed the pathophysiological effects, molecular, and cellular mechanisms of possible entry routes into the brain, pathogenicity of autoantibodies and emerging immunotherapies against COVID-19.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
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'abstract': '<jats:p>The number of deaths has been increased due to COVID-19 infections and uncertain '
'neurological complications associated with the central nervous system. Post-infections and '
'neurological manifestations in neuronal tissues caused by COVID-19 are still unknown and '
'there is a need to explore how brainstorming promoted congenital impairment, dementia, and '
'Alzheimer’s disease. SARS-CoV-2 neuro-invasion studies in vivo are still rare, despite the '
'fact that other beta-coronaviruses have shown similar properties. Neural (olfactory or vagal) '
'and hematogenous (crossing the blood–brain barrier) pathways have been hypothesized in light '
'of new evidence showing the existence of SARS-CoV-2 host cell entry receptors into the '
'specific components of human nerve and vascular tissue. Spike proteins are the primary key '
'and structural component of the COVID-19 that promotes the infection into brain cells. '
'Neurological manifestations and serious neurodegeneration occur through the binding of spike '
'proteins to ACE2 receptor. The emerging evidence reported that, due to the high rate in the '
'immediate wake of viral infection, the olfactory bulb, thalamus, and brain stem are intensely '
'infected through a trans-synaptic transfer of the virus. It also instructs the release of '
'chemokines, cytokines, and inflammatory signals immensely to the blood–brain barrier and '
'infects the astrocytes, which causes neuroinflammation and neuron death; and this induction '
'of excessive inflammation and immune response developed in more neurodegeneration '
'complications. The present review revealed the pathophysiological effects, molecular, and '
'cellular mechanisms of possible entry routes into the brain, pathogenicity of autoantibodies '
'and emerging immunotherapies against COVID-19.</jats:p>',
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