Home
Post
Share
@CovidAnalysis
General studies not related to specific treatments or studies for treatments not covered in detail.
Submit updates/corrections .
Summary.
Nov 30 |
et al., Cell Host & Microbe, doi:10.1016/j.chom.2024.11.007 | Persistence of spike protein at the skull-meninges-brain axis may contribute to the neurological sequelae of COVID-19 |
| Postmortem analysis of COVID-19 patients and SARS-CoV-2 infected mice showing persistence of spike protein in the skull, meninges, and brain, which may contribute to neurological complications. The spike protein alone was sufficient to in.. | ||
Nov 21 |
et al., Discover Molecules, doi:10.1007/s44345-024-00005-5 | Exploring potential therapeutic candidates against COVID-19: a molecular docking study |
| In Silico study showing potential inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 proteins by various compounds including dactinomycin, itraconazole, ivermectin, vitamin D, quercetin, curcumin, montelukast, bromhexine, hesperidin, EGCG and raloxifene. Authors p.. | ||
Nov 15 |
et al., Molecules, doi:10.3390/molecules29225403 | Insights into SARS-CoV-2: Small-Molecule Hybrids for COVID-19 Treatment |
| Review of recent advances in small-molecule hybrid compounds as potential antiviral agents against SARS-CoV-2. Authors provide an overview of hybrids, which are formed by covalently linking two or more pharmacophores, as a promising appro.. | ||
Nov 13 |
et al., Clinical Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1093/cid/ciae558 | In-hospital outcomes of healthcare-associated COVID-19 (Omicron) versus healthcare-associated influenza: a retrospective, nationwide cohort study in Switzerland |
| Retrospective 3,769 hospitalized patients in Switzerland showing comparable 30-day in-hospital mortality between healthcare-associated COVID-19 (Omicron) and healthcare-associated influenza patients. | ||
Nov 7 |
et al., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, doi:10.1073/pnas.2406303121 | The kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 infection based on a human challenge study |
| Modeling study of the viral dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 infection using data from a human challenge study. There was a delay of 1-2 days between inoculation and the start of exponential viral growth. During the early stage of infection, viral .. | ||
Oct 31 |
et al., iScience, doi:10.1016/j.isci.2024.110912 | Real time monitoring of respiratory viral infections in cohort studies using a smartphone app |
| Longitudinal study of 419 participants in two Australian cohort studies showing high adherence and positive user feedback for a smartphone app to track respiratory symptoms and viruses over 6 months. The app detected significant variabili.. | ||
Oct 31 |
et al., MDPI AG, doi:10.20944/preprints202410.2532.v1 | Azelastine Nasal Spray in Non-Hospitalised Subjects with Mild COVID-19 Infection: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group, Multicentric, Phase II Clinical Trial |
| 13% improved recovery (p=0.42) and 6% improved viral clearance (p<0.0001). RCT 294 low-risk subjects with mild COVID-19 showing significantly greater reduction in viral load with azelastine 0.1% nasal spray vs. placebo. There was no COVID-19 related hospitalization in either group. The reduction in viral load wa.. | ||
Oct 26 |
et al., National Science Review, doi:10.1093/nsr/nwae382 | Homo-harringtonine (HHT) is highly effective against SARS-CoV-2-A potential first-line defense in future coronavirus epidemics |
| In Vitro, mouse, and small clinical study showing efficacy of homoharringtonine (HHT) against SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses by inhibiting protein elongation. In Vitro, HHT was effective against multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants and other.. | ||
Oct 22 |
et al., Viruses, doi:10.3390/v16111648 | SARS-CoV-2 Assembly: Gaining Infectivity and Beyond |
| Review of SARS-CoV-2 assembly and the roles of viral structural proteins. Authors describe the key steps including the synthesis and trafficking of spike (S), membrane (M), envelope (E), and nucleocapsid (N) proteins to the endoplasmic.. | ||
Oct 22 |
et al., Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-024-76871-3 | One-year mortality and associated factors in older hospitalized COVID-19 survivors: a Nationwide Cohort Study in Korea |
| 29% higher mortality (p<0.0001). Retrospective 63,369 hospitalized COVID-19 survivors aged 60 years or older in Korea, showing lower 1-year mortality with macrolides (including azithromycin), higher 1-year mortality with corticosteroids (including dexamethasone and.. | ||
Oct 22 |
et al., Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-024-76871-3 | One-year mortality and associated factors in older hospitalized COVID-19 survivors: a Nationwide Cohort Study in Korea |
| 53% lower mortality (p<0.0001). Retrospective 63,369 hospitalized COVID-19 survivors aged 60 years or older in Korea, showing lower 1-year mortality with macrolides (including azithromycin), higher 1-year mortality with corticosteroids (including dexamethasone and.. | ||
Oct 16 |
et al., Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-024-75926-9 | Corticosteroids for hospitalized patients with severe/critical COVID-19: a retrospective study in Chongqing, China |
| 5% higher mortality (p=0.86). Retrospective 406 hospitalized severe/critical COVID-19 patients in China showing no significant difference in 28-day mortality with corticosteroid treatment (methylprednisolone, dexamethasone, or both). Corticosteroids were associated wi.. | ||
Oct 15 |
et al., The Neurohospitalist, doi:10.1177/19418744241292487 | Neurological Complications and Outcomes in Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19: Results From International Neurological Study Group From the COVID-19 Critical Care Consortium |
| Prospective observational study of 713 critically ill COVID-19 patients in 11 countries showing 13% incidence of neurological complications. Patients with neurological complications had higher mortality and worse functional outcomes at di.. | ||
Oct 15 |
et al., Journal of Clinical and Translational Science, doi:10.1017/cts.2024.561 | Engaging communities in therapeutics clinical research during pandemics: Experiences and lessons from the ACTIV COVID-19 therapeutics research initiative |
| Review of outreach, engagement, and recruitment for the ACTIV COVID-19 clinical trials. Authors discuss various challenges faced during implementation. Several of the issues discussed may affect the reliability of the trial results includ.. | ||
Oct 15 |
et al., Journal of Clinical and Translational Science, doi:10.1017/cts.2024.514 | The statistical design and analysis of pandemic platform trials: Implications for the future |
| Review of lessons learned from 11 ACTIV COVID-19 trials involving over 25,000 patients showing the importance of providing a forum for statisticians to engage, tailoring statistical approaches to research goals, considering efficiency gai.. | ||
Oct 15 |
et al., Journal of Clinical and Translational Science, doi:10.1017/cts.2024.483 | Lessons learned from the conduct of inpatient clinical trials in a pandemic |
| Review of challenges and potential solutions for conducting inpatient clinical trials during the pandemic, based on issues with the ACTIV trials. Challenges include competing clinical trials, interplay between clinical care and research c.. | ||
Oct 10 |
et al., JAMA, doi:10.1001/jama.2024.17681 | Payments by Drug and Medical Device Manufacturers to US Peer Reviewers of Major Medical Journals |
| Analysis of payments by drug and medical device manufacturers to US physician peer reviewers of 4 major medical journals from 2020-2022. Authors found that 59% of 1,962 eligible reviewers received industry payments totaling over $US1 bill.. | ||
Sep 27 |
et al., RSC Medicinal Chemistry, doi:10.1039/d4md00454j | Discovery of a nasal spray steroid, tixocortol, as an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 main protease and viral replication |
| In Silico and In Vitro study showing that tixocortol pivalate inhibits SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) activity and viral replication. The steroid tixocortol was identified through molecular docking as potentially binding to Mpro at the C.. | ||
Sep 24 |
et al., Advanced Materials, doi:10.1002/adma.202406348 | Toward a Radically Simple Multi-Modal Nasal Spray for Preventing Respiratory Infections |
| In Vitro and mouse study showing benefit with PCANS (Pathogen Capture and Neutralizing Spray) in reducing viral load in respiratory infections. Authors demonstrate that PCANS effectively neutralizes both enveloped viruses (SARS-CoV-2, Inf.. | ||
Sep 21 |
et al., eClinicalMedicine, doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102842 | Changes in memory and cognition during the SARS-CoV-2 human challenge study |
| Human challenge study inoculating 34 patients with SARS-CoV-2 and showing significantly lower cognitive scores in infected patients that persisted for at least a year. The differences were greatest for memory and executive functions. Resu.. | ||
Sep 17 |
et al., The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, doi:10.4269/ajtmh.23-0710 | Circulation of COVID-19-Related Medicines on Japanese Websites during the COVID-19 Pandemic and Their Quality and Authenticity |
| Investigation of the circulation and quality of COVID-19-related medicines sold online in Japan showing poor-quality ivermectin and dexamethasone. Four dexamethasone samples and two ivermectin samples failed quantitative analysis, and thr.. | ||
Sep 8 |
et al., Journal of Cellular and Molecular Anesthesia, doi:10.5812/jcma-149015 | Effects of Spirulina platensis Supplementation on COVID-19 Severity in Critically Ill Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial |
| 3% higher mortality (p=0.93), 26% shorter ICU admission (p=0.007), 17% lower need for oxygen therapy (p=0.64), and 20% shorter hospitalization (p=0.001). RCT 192 critically ill COVID-19 ICU patients showing reduced SOFA score, hospital stay and ICU stay with spirulina supplementation (5g/day), but no significant difference in mortality, NEWS2 score, APACHE score, NUTRIC score, or respirato.. | ||
Aug 31 |
et al., Virus Evolution, doi:10.1093/ve/veae073 | Intrahost evolution leading to distinct lineages in the upper and lower respiratory tracts during SARS-CoV-2 prolonged infection |
| Genomic sequencing study of persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection in an immunocompromised individual showing genetically distinct viral lineages in the upper and lower respiratory tracts persisting for over 1 year. Sequencing revealed 87 intrah.. | ||
Aug 28 |
et al., Nature, doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07873-4 | Fibrin drives thromboinflammation and neuropathology in COVID-19 |
| In Vitro and mouse study showing that fibrin drives thromboinflammation and neuropathology in COVID-19. Fibrin binds to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, forming proinflammatory blood clots that promote oxidative stress and macrophage activat.. | ||
Aug 28 |
et al., Biomolecules, doi:10.3390/biom14091081 | Long Neuro-COVID-19: Current Mechanistic Views and Therapeutic Perspectives |
| Review of the mechanistic views and therapeutic perspectives for long COVID-19 and long neuro-COVID-19. Authors present hypotheses for the multiple symptoms, including immune dysregulation and prolonged inflammation, persistent viral rese.. | ||
Aug 24 |
et al., Journal of Clinical Medicine, doi:10.3390/jcm13175013 | Prevalence and Risk Factors of Headache Associated with COVID-19 |
| 42% lower PASC (p=0.08) and 3% improvement (p=0.9). Retrospective 295 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Slovakia showing 35% prevalence of headache, of which 41% of patients had persistent headache 12-15 months after infection. Authors' analysis of long COVID headache is only for the subgr.. | ||
Aug 22 |
et al., ERJ Open Research, doi:10.1183/23120541.00474-2024 | 1-year health outcomes associated with systemic corticosteroids for COVID-19: a longitudinal cohort study |
| Retrospective 1,888 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the UK showing no significant difference in health-related quality of life or other patient reported outcomes, physical and mental health outcomes, and organ function one year aft.. | ||
Aug 20 |
et al., BMC Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1186/s12879-024-09654-w | Predictors for cause-specific and timing of deaths in patients with COVID-19: a cohort study in Taiwan |
| 103% higher mortality (p=0.0002). Retrospective 2,196 COVID-19 patients in Taiwan (49% mild cases, 44% moderate, 7% severe) showing significantly higher mortality with dexamethasone. Authors report that all infected patients were hospitalized at the time of the study in T.. | ||
Aug 15 |
et al., The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, doi:10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.06.016 | Effect of spirulina on risk of hospitalization among patients with COVID-19: the TOGETHER randomized trial |
| 21% higher progression (p=0.29). RCT 1,126 patients in Brazil showing no significant differences with low dose spirulina. The dose used was 7.6 times lower than the dose used by [Aghasadeghi] which shows significantly lower mortality. eFigure 1 shows 12 events in the tr.. | ||
Aug 14 |
et al., Cells, doi:10.3390/cells13161353 | The Interplay between Airway Cilia and Coronavirus Infection, Implications for Prevention and Control of Airway Viral Infections |
| Review of the interplay between airway cilia and coronavirus infection, and the implications for prevention and treatment of respiratory viral infections. Coronaviruses target the cilia of respiratory epithelial cells, disrupting their st.. | ||
Aug 9 |
et al., International Journal of Molecular Sciences, doi:10.3390/ijms25168715 | The Influence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection on the Development of Selected Neurological Diseases |
| Review of the influence of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the development of selected neurological diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS), ischemic stroke (IS), and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Authors report that SARS-CoV-2 causes activation .. | ||
Aug 9 |
et al., Inflammopharmacology, doi:10.1007/s10787-024-01520-0 | Impact of corticosteroid doses on prognosis of severe and critical COVID-19 patients with Omicron variant infection: a propensity score matching study |
| 23% higher mortality (p=0.03). Retrospective 1,167 severe/critical COVID-19 patients in China showing higher 28-day mortality with higher doses of corticosteroids (>50mg/day prednisone equivalent) compared to usual doses (30-50mg/day). The type of corticosteroid used d.. | ||
Aug 5 |
et al., Viral Immunology, doi:10.1089/vim.2024.0034 | Effective Treatment of COVID-19 Infection with Repurposed Drugs: Case Reports |
| Review of the successful treatment of COVID-19 using existing medications including HCQ, AZ, ivermectin, famotidine, monoclonal antibodies, and others. Authors note that the typical treatment of severe viral infections with multiple thera.. | ||
Jul 24 |
et al., Molecular and Cellular Probes, doi:10.1016/j.mcp.2024.101973 | SARS-CoV-2 replication and drug discovery |
| Review of SARS-CoV-2 genome replication in host cells, including viral RNA synthesis, transcription and replication, and viral inhibition target sites for antiviral drugs. Authors discuss the molecular similarities between SARS-CoV-2 and .. | ||
Jul 24 |
et al., Viruses, doi:10.3390/v16081183 | Neurological Complications of COVID-19: Unraveling the Pathophysiological Underpinnings and Therapeutic Implications |
| Review of the neurological complications of COVID-19 and their pathophysiological underpinnings and therapeutic implications. Authors note that SARS-CoV-2 infection can lead to a range of neurological complications such as anosmia, stroke.. | ||
Jul 17 |
et al., Frontiers in Medicine, doi:10.3389/fmed.2024.1385833 | Effect of early administration of dexamethasone in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia without acute hypoxemic respiratory failure and risk of development of acute respiratory distress syndrome: EARLY-DEX COVID-19 trial |
| 134% higher ventilation (p=0.41), 217% higher ICU admission (p=0.46), 17% higher ARDS (p=0.81), and 3% shorter hospitalization (p=0.88). RCT 126 hospitalized COVID-19 pneumonia patients not requiring oxygen at admission, showing no significant difference in outcomes with dexamethasone treatment. | ||
Jul 17 |
et al., Frontiers in Medicine, doi:10.3389/fmed.2024.1385833 | Effect of early administration of dexamethasone in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia without acute hypoxemic respiratory failure and risk of development of acute respiratory distress syndrome: EARLY-DEX COVID-19 trial |
| 134% higher ventilation (p=0.41), 217% higher ICU admission (p=0.46), 17% higher ARDS (p=0.81), and 3% shorter hospitalization (p=0.88). RCT 126 hospitalized COVID-19 pneumonia patients not requiring oxygen at admission, showing no significant difference in outcomes with dexamethasone treatment. | ||
Jul 16 |
et al., Genome Medicine, doi:10.1186/s13073-024-01360-1 | SARS-CoV-2 population dynamics in immunocompetent individuals in a closed transmission chain shows genomic diversity over the course of infection |
| Longitudinal sequencing study of 16 immunocompetent individuals in a closed SARS-CoV-2 transmission chain showing genomic diversity over the course of acute infection. Amino acid substitutions were observed at both the dominant and minor .. | ||
Jun 30 |
et al., Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy, doi:10.1016/j.pdpdt.2024.104097 | Extracellular and intracellular antiviral effects of ultraviolet A against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 are variant-independent |
| In Vitro study showing that narrow-band UVA light exposure reduces viral loads of SARS-CoV-2 alpha, beta and delta variants in Vero E6 and human tracheal epithelial cells. UVA exhibited both extracellular effects on viral particles and in.. | ||
Jun 19 |
et al., Nature, doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07575-x | Human SARS-CoV-2 challenge uncovers local and systemic response dynamics |
| Human SARS-CoV-2 challenge experiment, using single-cell multi-omics profiling to analyze nasopharyngeal and blood samples over time. Authors found that ciliated epithelial cells in the nasopharynx were the primary targets for productive .. | ||
Jun 8 |
et al., Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, doi:10.1093/arclin/acae042 | Neurocognitive Impairment in Long COVID: A Systematic Review |
| Systematic review of 36 studies for post-COVID neurocognitive impairment. All studies showed persistent cognitive changes after COVID-19, with executive function, memory, attention, and processing speed being predominantly affected. Autho.. | ||
Jun 1 |
et al., Mymensingh Med J., 33:3 | Clinico-epidemiological Characteristics of the Physician Affected with Covid-19 |
| Survey of 151 physicians in Bangladesh, showing significant use of zinc, vitamin C, vitamin D, and ivermectin (75%, 68%, 42%, and 38% respectively). | ||
May 31 |
et al., eClinicalMedicine, doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102582 | Efficacy and safety of GST-HG171 in adult patients with mild to moderate COVID-19: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2/3 trial |
| 13% faster recovery (p=0.03) and 25% faster viral clearance (p<0.0001). RCT 1,213 outpatients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 in China showing a shorter time to sustained recovery and faster viral clearance with GST-HG171 plus ritonavir. | ||
May 22 |
et al., Biomedicines, doi:10.3390/biomedicines12061147 | COVID-19: Unveiling the Neuropsychiatric Maze—From Acute to Long-Term Manifestations |
| Review of neuropsychiatric symptoms and complications of COVID-19. Authors discuss potential mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 impacts the nervous system, including direct viral invasion and aberrant immune system activation. Potential compl.. | ||
May 15 |
et al., Acta Medica Philippina, doi:10.47895/amp.vi0.7498 | Virgin Coconut Oil as Adjunctive Therapy for Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients in a Tertiary Referral Hospital: A Randomized Controlled Trial |
| 86% lower mortality (p=0.12), 86% lower ventilation (p=0.12), 10% shorter hospitalization (p=0.41), and 3% faster recovery (p=0.77). RCT 77 hospitalized patients showing no significant differences with virgin coconut oil (VCO) treatment. | ||
May 6 |
et al., Advances in Respiratory Medicine, doi:10.3390/arm92030021 | RNA Polymerase Inhibitor Enisamium for Treatment of Moderate COVID-19 Patients: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter, Double-Blind Phase 3 Clinical Trial |
| 86% lower mortality (p=0.25), 75% lower progression (p=0.03), 9% faster improvement (p=0.01), and 89% higher hospital discharge (p=0.12). RCT 592 hospitalized moderate COVID-19 patients in Ukraine showing improved recovery and lower progression with enisamium. The trial initially included patients with moderate COVID-19 not requiring oxygen, but a mid-trial change was made .. | ||
May 1 |
et al., Vaccines, doi:10.3390/vaccines12050487 | Virological Traits of the SARS-CoV-2 BA.2.87.1 Lineage |
| In Vitro study showing that the SARS-CoV-2 BA.2.87.1 lineage efficiently enters human cells but is more sensitive to neutralization by antibodies compared to the JN.1 variant. BA.2.87.1 pseudovirus particles robustly entered human cell li.. | ||
Apr 22 |
et al., BMJ Global Health, doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2023-014188 | Comparison of WHO versus national COVID-19 therapeutic guidelines across the world: not exactly a perfect match |
| Comparison of COVID-19 treatment guidelines from 109 countries with WHO guidelines, showing very high variation between national guidelines and frequent recommendations inconsistent with WHO claims. Almost all countries did not follow the.. | ||
Apr 16 |
et al., ScienceOpen, doi:10.58647/DRUGARXIV.PR000010.v1 | Network-based multi-omics-disease-drug associations reveal drug repurposing candidates for COVID-19 disease phases |
| In Silico study identifying potential drugs beneficial for COVID-19 by integrating transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, lipidomics, and drug data. Authors explore interactions between drugs, molecular features, and disease severity... | ||
Apr 15 |
et al., Brain Communications, doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcae127 | COVID-19-associated cerebral microbleeds in the general population |
| Retrospective 73 COVID-19 outpatients and 219 matched controls showing a significantly higher rate of cerebral microbleeds on MRI in COVID-19 patients (12%) compared to controls (5%). The increased occurrence of microbleeds persisted when.. | ||
Apr 8 |
et al., Frontiers in Immunology, doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1332425 | Effect of high-dose Spirulina supplementation on hospitalized adults with COVID-19: a randomized controlled trial |
| 85% lower mortality (p=0.0002) and 75% higher hospital discharge (p=0.003). RCT 189 hospitalized COVID-19 patients showing lower mortality and faster recovery with spirulina. Spirulina treatment also resulted in greater reductions in inflammatory markers such as IL-6, TNF-a, IP-10, CRP, ESR, and ferritin. All pat.. | ||
Apr 4 |
et al., Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-024-57726-3 | The metabolic footprint of Vero E6 cells highlights the key metabolic routes associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and response to drug combinations |
| In Vitro study showing that remdesivir and azithromycin, either alone or in combination, can modify the glycolic-gluconeogenesis pathway in host cells, inhibiting the mitochondrial oxidative damage caused by SARS-CoV-2. Authors use Nuclea.. | ||
Apr 2 |
et al., Critical Care, doi:10.1186/s13054-024-04869-4 | Vitamin D metabolism in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury: a prospective observational study |
| Non-COVID-19 study of 137 critically ill patients showing significantly lower serum calcitriol in patients with moderate-to-severe acute kidney injury (AKI) compared to critically ill patients without AKI, but no significant difference in.. | ||
Mar 28 |
et al., Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-024-57561-6 | Brain temperature and free water increases after mild COVID-19 infection |
| Analysis of 10 patients with brain imaging before and after mild COVID-19 suggesting that the primary route for SARS-CoV-2 entry into the central nervous system (CNS) is via the olfactory nerve in the nasal cavity, a pathway known as the.. | ||
Mar 27 |
et al., Frontiers in Immunology, doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1335963 | The fatal contribution of serine protease-related genetic variants to COVID-19 outcomes |
| Cross-sectional study of 1,536 COVID-19 patients in Mexico showing increased mortality associated with the TMPRSS2 rs75603675 AA genotype and the SERPINE1 rs2227692 T allele and TT genotype. The SERPINE1 rs2227692 T allele was also associ.. | ||
Mar 20 |
et al., Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-024-55378-x | Comparison of mortality and outcomes of four respiratory viruses in the intensive care unit: a multicenter retrospective study |
| Retrospective 807 ICU patients showing higher mortality with COVID-19 and H1N1 influenza compared to RSV and seasonal influenza. | ||
Mar 11 |
et al., eBioMedicine, doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105042 | Mitoquinone mesylate as post-exposure prophylaxis against SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans: an exploratory single center pragmatic open label non-randomized pilot clinical trial with matched controls |
| 91% fewer moderate/severe cases (p=0.05), 83% fewer symptomatic cases (p<0.0001), and 60% fewer cases (p=0.0001). Open-label non-randomized trial with 80 participants exposed to confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cases, showing lower risk of infection and milder symptoms with mitoquinone mesylate (Mito-MES) prophylaxis. 40 participants took Mito-MES 20mg daily for.. | ||
Mar 10 |
et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2024.03.08.24303818 | SARS-CoV-2 Genetic Variants and Patient Factors Associated with Hospitalization Risk |
| Retrospective 12,538 COVID-19 patients, showing associations between specific SARS-CoV-2 lineages and amino acid mutations and increased hospitalization risk, while infection with omicron was associated with lower hospitalization risk com.. | ||
Feb 29 |
et al., Archives of Microbiology & Immunology, doi:10.26502/ami.936500153 | An Independent Analysis of a Retrospective Cohort of 30,423 Covid-19 Patients Treated at IHU-Mediterranean in Marseille, France: Part 1, Efficacy of early Treatment with Hydroxychloroquine and Azithromycin |
| 27% lower combined mortality/ICU admission (p=0.0005). Independent analysis of the IHU-Mediterranean data [Brouqui] with 30,423 COVID-19 patients showing significantly lower risk of ICU admission or death with early treatment of hydroxychloroquine plus azithromycin (HCQ-AZ), and with azithrom.. | ||
Feb 29 |
et al., New England Journal of Medicine, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2311330 | Cognition and Memory after Covid-19 in a Large Community Sample |
| Observational study of 112,964 adults in England completing an online cognitive assessment, showing significant cognitive deficits persisting over a year after COVID-19. The largest deficits were seen with hospitalization and unresolved p.. | ||
Feb 28 |
et al., Journal of Clinical Medicine, doi:10.3390/jcm13051397 | Is COVID-19 Infection a Multiorganic Disease? Focus on Extrapulmonary Involvement of SARS-CoV-2 |
| Review of the extrapulmonary manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection, which can affect multiple organs beyond the lungs including the cardiovascular, neurological, gastrointestinal, renal, hepatic, and dermatologic systems. Authors suggest.. | ||
Feb 27 |
et al., Virology, doi:10.1128/mbio.00392-24 | Nsp1 facilitates SARS-CoV-2 replication through calcineurin-NFAT signaling |
| In Vitro study showing cyclosporine A (CsA) and the calcineurin-NFAT inhibitor VIVIT inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection in lung epithelial Calu-3 cells. Authors find SARS-CoV-2 protein Nsp1 hijacks host NFAT signaling by binding calcineurin A, .. | ||
Feb 22 |
et al., Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, doi:10.1093/jac/dkae045 | The relationship between viral clearance rates and disease progression in early symptomatic COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis |
| Systematic review and meta-analysis of 44 RCTs of antiviral treatments for early symptomatic COVID-19, including 52,384 participants, assessing the relationship between the SARS-CoV-2 viral clearance rate and the risk of hospitalization o.. | ||
Feb 21 |
et al., Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-024-55013-9 | Network analysis-guided drug repurposing strategies targeting LPAR receptor in the interplay of COVID, Alzheimer’s, and diabetes |
| In silico study showing potential COVID-19 treatment benefits by repurposing drugs targeting lysophosphatidic acid receptors (LPARs), which are implicated in the tri-directional relationship between Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, and COVI.. | ||
Feb 16 |
et al., Communications Biology, doi:10.1038/s42003-024-05878-3 | SARS-CoV-2 rapidly evolves lineage-specific phenotypic differences when passaged repeatedly in immune-naïve mice |
| Mouse study demonstrating that SARS-CoV-2 can rapidly acquire mutations altering infectivity, disease severity, and drug resistance even without selective pressure. Antigenic drift can undermine variant-specific treatments like monoclonal.. | ||
Feb 13 |
et al., Frontiers in Immunology, doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1282859 | Drug-target identification in COVID-19 disease mechanisms using computational systems biology approaches |
| In silico study integrating multi-omics data analysis, computational modelling, text mining, and AI to suggest targeted COVID-19 therapies. Authors identified 54 potential targets using omic data analysis of SARS-CoV-2 infected cell lines.. | ||
Jan 31 |
et al., Food and Environmental Virology, doi:10.1007/s12560-023-09581-0 | Screening Commercial Tea for Rapid Inactivation of Infectious SARS-CoV-2 in Saliva |
| In Vitro study showing that certain teas can rapidly inactivate SARS-CoV-2 in saliva. At 10 mg/mL infusion, black tea showed the highest reduction (99.9%) of infectious SARS-CoV-2 within 10 seconds. Green, mint medley, eucalyptus mint, an.. | ||
Jan 31 |
et al., iScience, doi:10.1016/j.isci.2024.109049 | Bioluminescence Imaging Reveals Enhanced SARS-CoV-2 Clearance in Mice with Combinatorial Regimens |
| Mouse study showing that monotherapy with approved antiviral drugs favipiravir, molnupiravir or nirmatrelvir reduced but did not clear SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron variants in K18-hACE2 mice. Combination therapy with molnupiravir and nirm.. | ||
Jan 31 |
et al., BMC Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1186/s12879-024-09034-4 | First COVID-19 wave in the province of Bergamo, Italy: epidemiological and clinical characteristics, outcome and management of the first hospitalized patients |
| 7% lower mortality (p=0.79). Retrospective 723 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Italy showing no significant difference with azithromycin treatment. | ||
Jan 25 |
et al., Viruses, doi:10.3390/v16020177 | Causes and Consequences of Coronavirus Spike Protein Variability |
| Review of causes and consequences of coronavirus spike protein variability focused on SARS-CoV-2. Authors discuss initial features of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and subsequent adaptations to the human host that may have enabled the COVI.. | ||
Jan 23 |
et al., Viruses, doi:10.3390/v16020168 | In Vitro Combinatorial Activity of Direct Acting Antivirals and Monoclonal Antibodies against the Ancestral B.1 and BQ.1.1 SARS-CoV-2 Viral Variants |
| In vitro study showing additive or synergistic antiviral effects with combinations of COVID-19 therapeutics nirmatrelvir, molnupiravir, remdesivir, and monoclonal antibodies sotrovimab, bebtelovimab, cilgavimab and tixagevimab against anc.. | ||
Jan 23 |
et al., Journal of Nutritional Science, doi:10.1017/jns.2023.118 | Virgin coconut oil (VCO) supplementation relieves symptoms and inflammation among COVID-19 positive adults: a single-blind randomized trial |
| 47% improved recovery (p=0.13). RCT 76 hospitalized mild-to-moderate COVID-19 patients in the Philippines showing faster resolution of symptoms with virgin coconut oil (VCO) treatment, without statistical significance. | ||
Dec 18 2023 |
et al., Frontiers in Public Health, doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1280434 | Drug prescription patterns and their association with mortality and hospitalization duration in COVID-19 patients: insights from big data |
| 32% lower mortality (p<0.0001). Retrospective study of 917,198 hospitalized COVID-19 cases covered by the Iran Health Insurance Organization over 26 months showing that antithrombotics, corticosteroids, and antivirals reduced mortality while diuretics, antibiotics, and.. | ||
Dec 15 2023 |
et al., The American Journal of Cardiology, doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2023.11.069 | Cardiovascular Safety of Azithromycin in Patients Hospitalized with Coronavirus Disease 2019: a Pre-Specified Pooled Analysis of the COALITION I and COALITION II Randomized Clinical Trials |
| Analysis of two multicenter RCTs with 1,114 hospitalized COVID-19 patients showing no increased risk of cardiovascular events or QTc prolongation with the addition of azithromycin to hydroxychloroquine treatment. | ||
Dec 8 2023 |
et al., Preprints | Critical appraisal of multidrug therapy in the ambulatory management of patients with COVID-19 and hypoxemia |
| Reanalysis of 119 hypoxemic COVID-19 outpatients treated with multidrug regimens that may include ivermectin, doxycycline, zinc, vitamins C/D, hydroxychloroquine, and azithromycin. Authors combine case series from the US, Zimbabwe, and Ni.. | ||
Nov 20 2023 |
et al., Immunity, Inflammation and Disease, doi:10.1002/iid3.1083 | Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of oral N‐acetylcysteine in patients with COVID‐19 receiving the routine antiviral and hydroxychloroquine protocol: A randomized controlled clinical trial |
| 85% lower mortality (p=0.31). RCT 60 hospitalized COVID-19 patients evaluating the efficacy and safety of adding oral N-acetylcysteine (NAC) at 600mg three times daily to standard antiviral treatment regimens. There was lower mortality for patients that received azith.. | ||
Oct 8 2023 |
et al., Cell Proliferation, doi:10.1111/cpr.13558 | Integration of human organoids single‐cell transcriptomic profiles and human genetics repurposes critical cell type‐specific drug targets for severe COVID‐19 |
| In Silico study integrating human organoid data with single-cell transcriptomic profiles and GWAS to identify cell type-specific drug targets for severe COVID-19. The authors found 39 cell types across eight organoid types associated with.. | ||
Sep 28 2023 |
et al., Nature Cardiovascular Research, doi:10.1038/s44161-023-00336-5 | SARS-CoV-2 infection triggers pro-atherogenic inflammatory responses in human coronary vessels |
| Autopsy study providing evidence that SARS-CoV-2 infects and replicates within coronary artery macrophages in severe COVID-19 patients. Using RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and artificial intelligence-based image analysis, .. | ||
Sep 21 2023 |
et al., Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2023.08.011 | No evidence of important difference in summary treatment effects between COVID-19 preprints and peer-reviewed publications: a meta-epidemiological study |
| Meta-epidemiological study including 37 meta-analyses with 114 RCTs assessing pharmacological treatments for COVID-19, showing no evidence of an important difference in meta analysis results between preprints and peer-reviewed publications. | ||
Jul 31 2023 |
et al., Stresses, doi:10.3390/stresses3030039 | Algae Polysaccharides (Carrageenan and Alginate)—A Treasure-Trove of Antiviral Compounds: An In Silico Approach to Identify Potential Candidates for Inhibition of S1-RBD Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2 |
| In Silico study showing the potential antiviral activity of algal polysaccharides alginate and carrageenan against SARS-CoV-2. Molecular docking analyses predict that alginate and carrageenan can bind to and inhibit the viral S1-RBD spike.. | ||
Jul 6 2023 |
et al., Viruses, doi:10.3390/v15071508 | Oral Probenecid for Nonhospitalized Adults with Symptomatic Mild-to-Moderate COVID-19 |
| 90% improved recovery (p<0.0001) and 36% faster viral clearance (p=0.0001). RCT 75 outpatients in India with mild to moderate COVID-19 showing faster viral clearance, faster time to symptom resolution, and improvement in disease progression with probenecid treatment for 5 days compared to placebo. Probenecid was .. | ||
Jul 3 2023 |
et al., Journal of Personalized Medicine, doi:10.3390/jpm13071093 | A Hypertonic Seawater Nasal Irrigation Solution Containing Algal and Herbal Natural Ingredients Reduces Viral Load and SARS-CoV-2 Detection Time in the Nasal Cavity |
| 42% improved viral clearance (p=0.06). RCT 56 severe COVID-19 patients, showing significantly decreased viral load with Sinomarin Plus Algae nasal irrigation. Sinomarin Plus Algae is a hypertonic seawater solution with algal and herbal natural ingredients with a pH of 7.5-8.. | ||
May 11 2023 |
et al., Nigerian Medical Journal, 64:2 | Clinical profile and Predictors of Outcomes of Hospitalized Patients with Laboratory-Confirmed Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in Nigeria: A Retrospective Analysis of 13 High Burden States in Nigeria |
| 67% lower mortality (p=0.0001). Retrospective 3,462 hospitalized COVID-19 patients across 13 states in Nigiera, showing lower mortality with AZ. Authors note the worse results with a combination of CQ/HCQ and AZ, compared to either alone, may be related to the side effe.. | ||
May 10 2023 |
et al., Clinical Infection in Practice, doi:10.1016/j.clinpr.2023.100229 | Impact of common comorbidities on antimicrobial consumption and mortality amongst critically ill COVID-19 patients: A retrospective two center study in Saudi Arabia |
| 22% higher mortality (p=0.08). Retrospective 848 ICU patients in Saudi Arabia, showing higher mortality with azithromycin in unadjusted results. | ||
Apr 26 2023 |
et al., Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-023-32546-z | Early intervention with azelastine nasal spray may reduce viral load in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients |
| 13% improved recovery (p=0.54) and 14% improved viral clearance (p=0.22). RCT 90 outpatients showing potential benefit of azelastine nasal spray for reducing viral load. Patients were randomized to receive placebo, 0.02%, or 0.1% azelastine nasal spray for 11 days. The 0.1% azelastine group showed greater viral.. | ||
Apr 24 2023 |
et al., Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine, doi:10.31083/j.rcm2405125 | COVID-19 and Cardiac Implications—Still a Mystery in Clinical Practice |
| Review of the cardiac implications of COVID-19 in pediatric patients. Authors highlight that cardiac injuries are likely the second cause of mortality associated with COVID-19 infection. A wide spectrum of cardiac abnormalities have been .. | ||
Apr 1 2023 |
et al., JAMA Internal Medicine, doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2022.6308 | Excess Mortality Among US Physicians During the COVID-19 Pandemic |
| Retrospective analysis of excess mortality among 785,631 US physicians. Across all age groups, physicians had substantially lower excess mortality than the general population. | ||
Mar 24 2023 |
et al., Nature Communications, doi:10.1038/s41467-023-37290-6 | Intranasal trimeric sherpabody inhibits SARS-CoV-2 including recent immunoevasive Omicron subvariants |
| In Vitro and mouse study showing that TriSb92, a trimeric antibody-mimetic sherpabody, potently neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 variants including recent Omicron subvariants. Authors found that TriSb92 targets a highly conserved region in the rece.. | ||
Mar 21 2023 |
et al., Pan African Medical Journal, doi:10.11604/pamj.2023.44.142.37858 | Factors associated with COVID-19 fatality among patients admitted in Mashonaland West Province, Zimbabwe 2020-2022: a secondary data analysis |
| 130% higher mortality (p<0.0001). Retrospective 672 COVID-19 patients in Zimbabwe, showing higher mortality with dexamethasone treatment. | ||
Mar 21 2023 |
et al., Pan African Medical Journal, doi:10.11604/pamj.2023.44.142.37858 | Factors associated with COVID-19 fatality among patients admitted in Mashonaland West Province, Zimbabwe 2020-2022: a secondary data analysis |
| 40% lower mortality (p=0.03). Retrospective 672 COVID-19 patients in Zimbabwe, showing lower mortality with azithromycin treatment. | ||
Mar 20 2023 |
et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2023.03.17.23287398 | A first-in-human clinical study of an intranasal spray of a cocktail containing two synergetic antibodies neutralizes Omicron BA. 4/5 |
| In Vitro and animal study showing that a cocktail of two synergetic antibodies (55A8 and 58G6) neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 omicron variants and provides protection against infection when delivered intranasally. Authors found that the antibody .. | ||
Mar 15 2023 |
et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2023.03.14.23287255 | The real-world effectiveness of an intranasal spray A8G6 antibody cocktail in the post-exposure prophylaxis of COVID-19 |
| Open-label, non-randomized trial of 513 COVID-19 close contacts showing lower cases with intranasal A8G6 antibody cocktail treatment for post-exposure prophylaxis. | ||
Mar 15 2023 |
et al., Antibiotics, doi:10.3390/antibiotics12030587 | The Association between Previous Antibiotic Consumption and SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Population-Based Case-Control Study |
| 12% fewer cases (p<0.0001). Retrospective 31,260 COVID-19 cases and 125,039 matched controls, showing lower risk of COVID-19 with previous azithromycin use. | ||
Jan 31 2023 |
, S., DDN | Shadowing SARS-CoV-2 Through Mucus and Cilia |
| Discussion of [Wu] on how SARS-CoV-2 invades and spreads through nasal epithelial cells. | ||
Jan 31 2023 |
et al., Cell, doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.11.030 | SARS-CoV-2 replication in airway epithelia requires motile cilia and microvillar reprogramming |
| Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 replication in an aiwary organoid model incorporating many aspects the airway in vivo. Authors found that SARS-CoV-2 infects nasal epithelial cells in a two-step process, first attaching to cilia via the ACE2 recept.. | ||
Jan 16 2023 |
et al., The Gazette of Medical Sciences, doi:10.46766/thegms.pubheal.22120905 | Intravenous high dose vitamin C and ozonated saline effective treatment for Covid -19: The Evolution of Local Standard of Care |
| Retrospective 479 high risk outpatients in the USA treated with a protocol including intravenous vitamin C, vitamin D, zinc, quercetin, bromelain, lactoferrin, HCQ, ivermectin, ozonated saline, azithromycin, ceftriaxone, methylprednisolon.. | ||
Dec 9 2022 |
et al., QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcac272 | Neurological complications of COVID-19 |
| Review of the neurological complications of COVID-19 and their possible pathways and mechanisms. The main pathways of SARS-CoV-2 neuroinvasion include the olfactory nerve, gut-brain axis, vagus nerve, and hematogenous dissemination throug.. | ||
Nov 30 2022 |
et al., Life Sciences, doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120930 | SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication kinetics in different human cell types: The role of autophagy, cellular metabolism and ACE2 expression |
| Review of SARS-CoV-2 replication kinetics showing that SARS-CoV-2 replicates more slowly when compared with previous research on influenza, with peak viral loads typically occurring 48–72 hours post-infection compared to influenza’s faste.. | ||
Sep 14 2022 |
et al., Intervirology, doi:10.1159/000526241 | Disinfection Effect of Hexadecyl Pyridinium Chloride on SARS-CoV-2 in vitro |
| In Vitro study showing that hexadecyl pyridinium chloride, an oral disinfectant, significantly inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in Vero cells at concentrations of 0.1 mg/mL or above after 2 minutes of exposure. The disinfection effect was time and.. | ||
Aug 31 2022 |
et al., Med, doi:10.1016/j.medj.2022.08.002 | Discovery and Intranasal Administration of a SARS-CoV-2 Broadly-Acting Neutralizing Antibody with Activity against multiple Omicron sub variants |
| In Vitro and mouse study showing broad neutralizing activity of a novel human monoclonal antibody STI-9167 against SARS-CoV-2 variants, including omicron subvariants. Authors demonstrated that STI-9167 effectively neutralized pseudotyped .. | ||
Aug 18 2022 |
et al., COVID, doi:10.3390/covid2080084 | Statistical Analysis Methods Applied to Early Outpatient COVID-19 Treatment Case Series Data |
| Retrospective analysis of case series data from 3,164 high-risk COVID-19 outpatients treated with early multidrug protocols similar to the McCullough protocol, including hydroxychloroquine, ivermectin, zinc, azithromycin, vitamin C, vitam.. | ||
Aug 16 2022 |
et al., Virology Journal, doi:10.1186/s12985-023-02195-9 (date from preprint) | Real-world evidence with a retrospective cohort of 15,968 COVID-19 hospitalized patients suggests 21 new effective treatments |
| 15% lower mortality (p=0.005). Retrospective 15,968 COVID-19 hospitalized patients in Spain, showing lower mortality with existing use of several medications including metformin, HCQ, azithromycin, aspirin, vitamin D, vitamin C, and budesonide. Since only hospitalized .. | ||
Jul 11 2022 |
et al., Biomolecules, doi:10.3390/biom12070971 | Pathological Features and Neuroinflammatory Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 in the Brain and Potential Therapeutic Approaches |
| Review of the pathological features, neuroinflammatory mechanisms, and potential therapeutic approaches for SARS-CoV-2 in the brain. The review discusses the neuro-invasive potential of SARS-CoV-2 and possible entry routes into the brain,.. | ||
May 30 2022 |
et al., European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences, doi:10.24018/ejmed.2022.4.3.1355 | The Contribution of Spirulina Platensis Supplementation on COVID-19 Prevention and Hospitalization |
| 90% lower hospitalization (p<0.0001) and 81% fewer symptomatic cases (p<0.0001). Analysis of 186 adults in Greece showing a significant reduction in COVID-19 cases and hospitalizations with 6 g/day spirulina treatment for 6 months. Authors do not provide baseline details for each group. | ||
May 11 2022 |
et al., Viruses, doi:10.3390/v14051020 | Neuroinvasion and Neurotropism by SARS-CoV-2 Variants in the K18-hACE2 Mouse |
| Mouse study showing neuroinvasion and neurotropism by SARS-CoV-2 variants in K18-hACE2 transgenic mice. Authors found that apart from the omicron variant, all tested variants frequently spread to and within the central nervous system afte.. | ||
Oct 31 2021 |
et al., The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00263-0 | Azithromycin versus standard care in patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 (ATOMIC2): an open-label, randomised trial |
| 1% lower combined mortality/hospitalization (p=0.99) and 80% lower progression (p=0.24). RCT 298 mild-to-moderate COVID-19 outpatients in the UK showing no significant difference in hospitalization or death with late azithromycin treatment. Treatment was delayed an average of 6 days from onset. 7 vs. 3 hospitalizations occurr.. | ||
Oct 31 2021 |
et al., Clinical Microbiology and Infection, doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2021.05.028 | Use of an antiviral mouthwash as a barrier measure in the SARS-CoV-2 transmission in adults with asymptomatic to mild COVID-19: a multicentre, randomized, double-blind controlled trial |
| RCT 176 outpatients with asymptomatic to mild COVID-19 in France showing a significant reduction in SARS-CoV-2 salivary viral load with β-cyclodextrin-citrox mouthwash (CDCM) compared to placebo 4 hours after the first dose. Over 7 days, .. | ||
Oct 25 2021 |
et al., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, doi:10.3390/ijerph19031172 (date from preprint) | Effect of a Nutritional Support System to Increase Survival and Reduce Mortality in Patients with COVID-19 in Stage III and Comorbidities: A Blinded Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial |
| 86% lower mortality (p=0.03) and 57% lower ventilation (p=0.31). 80 patient RCT with 40 patients treated with a comprehensive regimen of nutritional support, showing significantly lower mortality with treatment. Treatment contained cholecalciferol, vitamin C, zinc, spirulina maxima, folic acid, glutami.. | ||
Sep 11 2021 |
et al., Virus Genes, doi:10.1007/s11262-021-01869-2 | Host proviral and antiviral factors for SARS-CoV-2 |
| Review of host proviral and antiviral factors for SARS-CoV-2. Authors summarize current understanding of the interplay between SARS-CoV-2 and host cellular factors during virus entry and replication. They highlight ACE2 as the main recept.. | ||
Jul 9 2021 |
et al., Briefings in Bioinformatics, doi:10.1093/bib/bbab249 | Published anti-SARS-CoV-2 in vitro hits share common mechanisms of action that synergize with antivirals |
| Review of transcriptomic profiles showing that one-third of published anti-SARS-CoV-2 compounds regulate cholesterol homeostasis and microtubule cytoskeleton organization genes. Authors found that expression of these genes is associated w.. | ||
Jun 26 2021 |
et al., Advances in Therapy, doi:10.1007/s12325-021-01830-7 | Endotracheal Application of Ultraviolet A Light in Critically Ill Patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2: A First-in-Human Study |
| Small trial of 5 critically ill intubated COVID-19 patients showing significant reductions in endotracheal SARS-CoV-2 viral load with 5 days of narrow-band UVA light therapy delivered via endotracheal tube. Reduction in viral load correla.. | ||
Jun 18 2021 |
et al., PLOS One, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0252302 | An in vitro study of dual drug combinations of anti-viral agents, antibiotics, and/or hydroxychloroquine against the SARS-CoV-2 virus isolated from hospitalized patients in Surabaya, Indonesia |
| In Vitro study of combinations of drugs showing antiviral efficacy of HCQ alone and in combination with AZ, favipiravir, and doxycycline. No high levels of cytotoxicity were observed, and authors conclude that using a combination of drugs.. | ||
Apr 30 2021 |
et al., Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, doi:10.1016/j.pupt.2021.101989 | Antihistamines and azithromycin as a treatment for COVID-19 on primary health care – A retrospective observational study in elderly patients |
| Retrospective 84 elderly nursing home residents in Spain showing no mortality, hospitalization, or ICU admission with early treatment with antihistamines alone or in combination with azithromycin. | ||
Mar 31 2021 |
et al., The Lancet, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00461-X | Azithromycin for community treatment of suspected COVID-19 in people at increased risk of an adverse clinical course in the UK (PRINCIPLE): a randomised, controlled, open-label, adaptive platform trial |
| 16% lower need for oxygen therapy (p=0.69), 9% lower hospitalization (p=0.87), and 7% improved recovery (p=0.23). RCT 1,388 outpatients in the UK showing no significant benefit with azithromycin. There was no significant difference in time to first reported recovery or risk of hospitalization or death by 28 days with azithromycin compared to usual ca.. | ||
Mar 23 2021 |
, S., Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-021-85765-7 | Computational characterization of inhaled droplet transport to the nasopharynx |
| Computational fluid dynamics study tracking inhaled droplet transport in CT-based anatomic reconstructions, showing droplets sized 2.5-19 µm deposit at the highest rates in the nasopharynx, the primary initial infection site for SARS-CoV-.. | ||
Mar 17 2021 |
et al., PLOS Biology, doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3001143 | Single-cell longitudinal analysis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in human airway epithelium identifies target cells, alterations in gene expression, and cell state changes |
| Single-cell RNA sequencing study of SARS-CoV-2 infection in human airway epithelial cells showing ciliated cells are a major target of infection at onset which expands to other cell types over time. Infected cells show upregulation of gen.. | ||
Mar 8 2021 |
et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.03.05.21251351 | A single-center retrospective cohort study of Covid-19 medications: Remdesivir, Favipiravir, Methylprednisolone, Dexamethasone, and Interferon β1a and their combinations |
| Retrospective 324 hospitalized patients in Iran reporting on the use remdesivir, favipiravir, methylprednisolone, dexamethasone, and Interferon β1a and their combinations. There is no control group in this study. | ||
Feb 28 2021 |
et al., The Lancet, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00149-5 | Azithromycin in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial |
| 3% lower mortality (p=0.5), 8% lower ventilation (p=0.29), and 9% higher hospital discharge. RCT 7,763 hospitalized COVID-19 patients showing no significant differences with very late (75% on oxygen at baseline) azithromycin treatment. Only 91% of treatment patients received azithromycin and 17% of control patients received azith.. | ||
Feb 28 2021 |
et al., Gastroenterology, doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2020.10.011 | Famotidine Use Is Not Associated With 30-day Mortality: A Coarsened Exact Match Study in 7158 Hospitalized Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 From a Large Healthcare System |
| 7% lower mortality (p=0.84). Retrospective 7,158 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in the USA analyzing famotidine treatment, showing no significant difference in mortality with associated azithromycin treatment. | ||
Feb 10 2021 |
et al., International Journal of Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2021.02.014 | Effectiveness of a multidrug therapy consisting of ivermectin, azithromycin, montelukast and acetylsalicylic acid to prevent hospitalization and death among ambulatory COVID-19 cases in Tlaxcala, Mexico |
| 78% lower mortality (p=0.001), 52% lower ventilation (p=0.15), 67% lower hospitalization (p=0.001), and 59% improved recovery (p=0.001). Prospective trial of 768 COVID-19 outpatients in Mexico, 481 treated with ivermectin, AZ, montelukast, and aspirin, and 287 control patients with various treatments, showing significantly lower mortality and hospitalization, and significa.. | ||
Jan 28 2021 |
et al., PLOS Pathogens, doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1009292 | Single cell resolution of SARS-CoV-2 tropism, antiviral responses, and susceptibility to therapies in primary human airway epithelium |
| In Vitro study using primary human airway epithelial cells showing heterogeneity in SARS-CoV-2 infection across cell types, with ciliated cells being the predominant cell target. Induction of interferon responses was rare and there was si.. | ||
Jan 1 2021 |
, R., Occupational Medicine, doi:10.1093/occmed/kqaa210 | Physician deaths from COVID-19 have been lower than expected |
| Retrospective 108 US physician deaths from COVID-19 up to October 2020, showing significantly lower mortality compared to the general population (16% of expected deaths). | ||
Dec 19 2020 |
et al., International Journal of Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.12.041 | Association of prescribed medications with the risk of COVID-19 infection and severity among adults in South Korea |
| 54% higher progression (p=0.33) and 42% fewer cases (p=0.1). Retrospective database analysis showing no significant differences with azithromycin use. | ||
Nov 20 2020 |
et al., eClinicalMedicine, doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100645 | Randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled trial of hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin for virologic cure of non-severe Covid-19 |
| 33% higher hospitalization (p=1), 67% lower progression (p=0.62), 100% worse recovery (p=0.5), and 4% worse viral clearance (p=0.63). Low risk patient RCT for HCQ+AZ and HCQ vs. control, not showing any significant differences. Authors note that the results are not applicable to higher risk patients, that positive PCR may simply reflect detection of inactive (non-infect.. | ||
Oct 31 2020 |
et al., International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106143 | Safety and effectiveness of azithromycin in patients with COVID-19: An open-label randomised trial |
| 86% lower ventilation (p=0.12), 72% lower ICU admission (p=0.09), and 23% shorter hospitalization (p=0.02). Randomized controlled trial of 111 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Iran showing significantly shorter hospital stay, higher oxygen saturation, and lower respiratory rate at discharge with azithromycin plus hydroxychloroquine and lopinav.. | ||
Oct 28 2020 |
et al., Nature Communications, doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19145-6 | ACE2 localizes to the respiratory cilia and is not increased by ACE inhibitors or ARBs |
| In Vitro study showing that ACE2 is highly localized within the motile cilia of airway epithelial cells, potentially representing an initial site of SARS-CoV-2 entry. Authors demonstrate that ACE inhibitors (ACEI) and angiotensin II recep.. | ||
Sep 4 2020 |
et al., The Lancet, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31862-6 | Azithromycin in addition to standard of care versus standard of care alone in the treatment of patients admitted to the hospital with severe COVID-19 in Brazil (COALITION II): a randomised clinical trial |
| 8% higher mortality (p=0.63) and 30% improvement (p=0.08). Small RCT comparing the addition of AZ for very late stage patients on ventilation or oxygen. One notable result is that even within this extremely late stage population, results suggest increased efficacy with the addition of AZ for pati.. | ||
Aug 25 2020 |
et al., Experimental Hematology & Oncology, doi:10.1186/s40164-020-00177-z | Risk factors and outcome of COVID-19 in patients with hematological malignancies |
| 58% lower mortality (p=0.02). Retrospective study of 367 hematology patients with COVID-19 in Spain. Among 216 patients with very severe COVID-19, there was significantly lower mortality with azithromycin treatment. Mortality was also lower with HCQ, but without stati.. | ||
Jul 31 2020 |
et al., Cell, doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.042 | SARS-CoV-2 Reverse Genetics Reveals a Variable Infection Gradient in the Respiratory Tract |
| In Vitro and autopsy study showing that SARS-CoV-2 infects ciliated nasal epithelial cells, with progressively lower ACE2 expression and infectivity in lower regions of the respiratory tract. The results suggest that initial infection pri.. | ||
Jul 31 2020 |
et al., Science, doi:10.1126/science.abc6156 | How does SARS-CoV-2 cause COVID-19? |
| Review discussing how the viral receptor ACE2 regulates SARS-CoV-2 cell entry, tissue tropism, and COVID-19 disease progression. The presence of a furin cleavage site in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein expands cell tropism compared to SARS-C.. | ||
Jul 23 2020 |
et al., NEJM, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2019014 | Hydroxychloroquine with or without Azithromycin in Mild-to-Moderate Covid-19 |
| 57% lower mortality (p=0.17), 54% higher ventilation (p=0.28), and 18% improved 7-point scale results (p=0.49). Late stage RCT of 667 hospitalized patients with up to 14 days of symptoms at enrollment and receiving up to 4 liters per minute supplemental oxygen, not finding a significant effect after 15 days. Authors note: "the trial cannot def.. | ||
Jul 16 2020 |
et al., Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, doi:10.1002/cpt.1955 | Impact of Disease on Plasma and Lung Exposure of Chloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine and Azithromycin: Application of PBPK Modeling |
| In Silico study using physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling to demonstrate that accumulation of chloroquine (CQ), hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), and azithromycin (AZ) in the lungs is sensitive to changes in lung pH, which can be affec.. | ||
May 20 2020 |
et al., Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, doi:10.1002/cpt.1909 | Prioritization of Anti-SARS-Cov-2 Drug Repurposing Opportunities Based on Plasma and Target Site Concentrations Derived from their Established Human Pharmacokinetics |
| Pharmacokinetic analysis predicting that ivermectin, HCQ, CQ, and azithromycin will achieve lung concentrations well over 10 times higher than the reported EC50. Nitazoxanide had a lung tissue Cmax/EC50 of 7.8. | ||
Jan 21 2020 |
et al., BMJ, doi:10.1136/bmj.l6802 | Impact of blinding on estimated treatment effects in randomised clinical trials: meta-epidemiological study |
| Meta-analysis of 142 meta-analyses (1,153 trials) finding no evidence that lack of blinding of patients, healthcare providers, or outcome assessors influenced effect estimates in randomized clinical trials on average. | ||
Oct 26 2017 |
et al., BMJ, doi:10.1136/bmj.j4619 | Payments by US pharmaceutical and medical device manufacturers to US medical journal editors: retrospective observational study |
| Analysis of industry payments to US medical journal editors in 2014 using the Open Payments database. Payments were common and often large. Only about a third of journals had readily accessible editorial conflict of interest policies. Aut.. | ||
Dec 31 2012 |
et al., Veterinary Parasitology, doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.07.011 | Dexamethasone treatment interferes with the pharmacokinetics of ivermectin in young cattle |
| Analysis of ivermectin and dexamethasone treatment in cattle, showing that dexamethasone interfered with the pharmacokinetics of ivermectin and reduced the efficacy of ivermectin. | ||
Aug 20 2003 |
et al., JAMA, doi:10.1001/jama.290.7.921 | Association of Funding and Conclusions in Randomized Drug Trials |
| Analysis of randomized drug trials included in Cochrane reviews, showing that trials funded by for-profit organizations were significantly more likely to recommend the experimental drug as treatment of choice (OR 5.3 [2.0-14.4]) compared .. | ||
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments.
c19early involves the extraction of 100,000+ datapoints from
thousands of papers. Community updates
help ensure high accuracy.
Treatments and other interventions are complementary.
All practical, effective, and safe
means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis.
No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current
and future variants.
We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication,
consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details
of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. FLCCC and WCH
provide treatment protocols.
Thanks for your feedback! Please search before submitting papers and note
that studies are listed under the date they were first available, which may be
the date of an earlier preprint.