Neurocognitive Impairment in Long COVID: A Systematic Review
Eugenia Panagea, Lambros Messinis, Maria Christina Petri, Ioannis Liampas, Emmanouil Anyfantis, Grigorios Nasios, Panayiotis Patrikelis, Mary Kosmidis
Objective: Although Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is primarily a respiratory infectious disease, it has also been associated with a wide range of other clinical manifestations. It is widely accepted in the scientific community that many patients after recovery continue to experience COVID-19-related symptoms, including cognitive impairment. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the cognitive profile of patients with long-COVID syndrome. Methods: A systematic search of empirical studies was conducted through the PubMed/Medline and Scopus electronic databases. Crosssectional and longitudinal studies published between 2020 and 2023 were included. Results: Of the 516 studies assessed for eligibility, 36 studies met the inclusion criteria. All included studies support the presence of persistent cognitive changes after COVID-19 disease. Executive function, memory, attention, and processing speed appear to be the cognitive domains that are predominantly associated with long-COVID syndrome, whereas language is an area that has not been sufficiently investigated. Conclusions: In this review, the high frequency of cognitive impairment after COVID-19 is evident. If we consider that cognitive functioning affects our ability to live independently and is a key determinant of our quality of life, it is imperative to precisely define those factors that may induce cognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors, with the ultimate goal of early diagnosis of cognitive changes and, consequently, the development of targeted rehabilitation interventions to address them.
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'abstract': '<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>\n'
' <jats:sec>\n'
' <jats:title>Objective</jats:title>\n'
' <jats:p>Although Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is primarily a '
'respiratory infectious disease, it has also been associated with a wide range of other '
'clinical manifestations. It is widely accepted in the scientific community that many patients '
'after recovery continue to experience COVID-19-related symptoms, including cognitive '
'impairment. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the cognitive profile of '
'patients with long-COVID syndrome.</jats:p>\n'
' </jats:sec>\n'
' <jats:sec>\n'
' <jats:title>Methods</jats:title>\n'
' <jats:p>A systematic search of empirical studies was conducted through the '
'PubMed/Medline and Scopus electronic databases. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies '
'published between 2020 and 2023 were included.</jats:p>\n'
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' <jats:sec>\n'
' <jats:title>Results</jats:title>\n'
' <jats:p>Of the 516 studies assessed for eligibility, 36 studies met the '
'inclusion criteria. All included studies support the presence of persistent cognitive changes '
'after COVID-19 disease. Executive function, memory, attention, and processing speed appear to '
'be the cognitive domains that are predominantly associated with long-COVID syndrome, whereas '
'language is an area that has not been sufficiently investigated.</jats:p>\n'
' </jats:sec>\n'
' <jats:sec>\n'
' <jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title>\n'
' <jats:p>In this review, the high frequency of cognitive impairment after '
'COVID-19 is evident. If we consider that cognitive functioning affects our ability to live '
'independently and is a key determinant of our quality of life, it is imperative to precisely '
'define those factors that may induce cognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors, with the '
'ultimate goal of early diagnosis of cognitive changes and, consequently, the development of '
'targeted rehabilitation interventions to address them.</jats:p>\n'
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