Supplementary Data — Convalescent Plasma for COVID-19: real-time meta analysis of 58 studies

@CovidAnalysis, November 2025, Version 45V45
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ INFANT-COVID-19 Libster (DB RCT) 50% 0.50 [0.09-2.65] death 2/80 4/80 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control INFANT-COVID-19 Libster (DB RCT) 50% 0.50 [0.09-2.65] ventilation 2/80 4/80 INFANT-COVID-19 Libster (DB RCT) 67% 0.33 [0.07-1.60] ICU 2/80 6/80 INFANT-COVID-19 Libster (DB RCT) 48% 0.52 [0.29-0.94] progression 13/80 25/80 Balcells (RCT) -247% 3.47 [0.35-11.9] death 5/28 2/30 Balcells (RCT) -163% 2.63 [0.43-9.10] ventilation 5/28 2/30 Balcells (RCT) -23% 1.23 [0.56-1.89] progression 13/28 12/30 Van Hise (RCT) -441% 5.41 [0.29-101] hosp. 3/49 0/23 C3PO Korley (RCT) -396% 4.96 [0.58-42.2] death 5/250 1/248 C3PO Korley (RCT) 10% 0.90 [0.64-1.26] hosp. 51/257 56/254 C3PO Korley (RCT) 6% 0.94 [0.72-1.22] progression 77/257 81/254 CONV-ERT Alemany (DB RCT) 80% 0.20 [0.01-4.14] death 0/188 2/188 CONV-ERT Alemany (DB RCT) -5% 1.05 [0.60-1.84] hosp. 22/188 21/188 CONV-ERT Alemany (DB RCT) -5% 1.05 [0.85-1.30] no recov. 188 (n) 188 (n) CONV-ERT Alemany (DB RCT) -4% 1.04 [0.97-1.11] viral load 188 (n) 188 (n) CONV-ERT Alemany (DB RCT) 4% 0.96 [0.88-1.05] viral load 188 (n) 188 (n) CoV-Early Gharbharan (DB RCT) -1% 1.01 [0.06-16.0] death 1/207 1/209 CoV-Early Gharbharan (DB RCT) 67% 0.33 [0.01-8.16] ventilation 0/207 1/209 CoV-Early Gharbharan (DB RCT) 14% 0.86 [0.59-1.22] progression 207 (n) 209 (n) CoV-Early Gharbharan (DB RCT) 42% 0.58 [0.33-1.02] progression 123 (n) 103 (n) CoV-Early Gharbharan (DB RCT) 39% 0.61 [0.28-1.34] hosp. 10/207 18/209 CoV-Early Gharbharan (DB RCT) -50% 1.50 [0.40-5.64] hosp. time 207 (n) 209 (n) CoV-Early Gharbharan (DB RCT) -1% 1.01 [0.88-1.16] no recov. 137/207 137/209 CoV-Early Gharbharan (DB RCT) -8% 1.1 [0.00-9e+04] recov. time 207 (n) 209 (n) COVIC-19 Hoffmann (RCT) 51% 0.49 [0.05-5.27] death 1/59 2/58 COVIC-19 Hoffmann (RCT) 91% 0.09 [0.01-0.77] death/hosp. 0/59 5/58 COVIC-19 Hoffmann (RCT) 89% 0.11 [0.01-2.00] death/hosp. 0/59 4/58 COVIC-19 Hoffmann (RCT) 67% 0.33 [0.01-7.97] ICU 0/59 1/58 Li (RCT) 35% 0.65 [0.27-1.39] death 8/51 12/50 Li (RCT) 15% 0.85 [0.53-1.18] no improv. 25/52 29/51 Li (RCT) 76% 0.24 [0.07-0.64] viral+ 4/26 15/23 ConPlas-19 Avendaño-Solà (RCT) 88% 0.12 [0.01-2.11] death 0/38 4/43 ConPlas-19 Avendaño-Solà (RCT) 93% 0.07 [0.01-0.57] progression 0/38 7/43 ConPlas-19 Avendaño-Solà (RCT) 92% 0.08 [0.01-0.76] progression 0/38 6/43 PLACID Agarwal (RCT) -7% 1.07 [0.73-1.58] death 34/235 31/229 PLACID Agarwal (RCT) -7% 1.07 [0.73-1.58] progression 44/235 41/229 PLACID Agarwal (RCT) 1% 0.99 [0.54-1.81] ventilation 19/227 19/224 PLACID Agarwal (RCT) 28% 0.72 [0.55-0.95] viral+ 56/173 76/169 ILBS-COVID-02 Bajpai (RCT) -323% 4.23 [0.43-41.6] death 3/14 1/15 ILBS-COVID-02 Bajpai (RCT) -114% 2.14 [0.22-21.1] death 2/14 1/15 ILBS-COVID-02 Bajpai (RCT) -221% 3.21 [0.38-27.4] ventilation 3/14 1/15 ILBS-COVID-02 Bajpai (RCT) 25% 0.75 [0.54-1.04] hosp. time 14 (n) 15 (n) ILBS-COVID-02 Bajpai (RCT) 33% 0.67 [0.41-1.10] viral load 14 (n) 15 (n) AlQahtani (RCT) 50% 0.50 [0.05-5.08] death 1/20 2/20 AlQahtani (RCT) 33% 0.67 [0.22-2.01] ventilation 4/20 6/20 AlQahtani (RCT) 22% 0.78 [0.57-1.07] hosp. time 20 (n) 20 (n) PlasmAr Simonovich (RCT) 4% 0.96 [0.50-1.83] death 25/228 12/105 PlasmAr Simonovich (RCT) 19% 0.81 [0.50-1.31] 7-point status 228 (n) 105 (n) Ray (RCT) 33% 0.67 [0.30-1.50] death 10/40 14/40 RECOVERY Horby et al. (RCT) -1% 1.01 [0.94-1.08] death 1,622/5,795 1,610/5,763 RECOVERY Horby et al. (RCT) 0% 1.00 [0.93-1.07] death 1,399/5,795 1,408/5,763 RECOVERY Horby et al. (RCT) -1% 1.01 [0.97-1.06] no disch. 1,963/5,795 1,941/5,763 Gonzalez -7% 1.07 [0.76-1.50] death 60/130 26/60 OT​1​ Gonzalez -1% 1.01 [0.76-1.34] death 70/130 32/60 OT​1​ Pouladza.. (SB RCT) 40% 0.60 [0.16-2.29] death 3/30 5/30 Pouladza.. (SB RCT) -30% 1.30 [0.99-1.71] hosp. time 30 (n) 30 (n) Bennett-.. (DB RCT) 19% 0.81 [0.36-1.86] death 16/59 5/15 Bennett-.. (DB RCT) 11% 0.89 [0.34-2.31] death 14/59 4/15 Bennett-.. (DB RCT) 0% 1.00 [0.75-1.32] no improv. 47/59 12/15 Elhadi (ICU) -16% 1.16 [0.88-1.54] death 16/23 265/442 ICU patients LIFESAVER Teofili (RCT) -100% 2.00 [0.16-24.3] death 1/4 1/8 ConCoVid-19 Gharbharan (RCT) 4% 0.96 [0.25-2.41] death 6/43 11/43 ConCoVid-19 Gharbharan (RCT) 12% 0.88 [0.49-1.60] no disch. 43 (n) 43 (n) Cho -4% 1.04 [0.64-1.62] death 402 (n) 4,642 (n) PLACOVID Sekine (RCT) -38% 1.38 [0.73-2.63] death 18/80 13/80 PLACOVID Sekine (RCT) -100% 2.00 [0.72-5.59] death 10/80 5/80 PLACOVID Sekine (RCT) -11% 1.11 [0.74-1.66] no improv. 31/80 28/80 PLACOVID Sekine (RCT) -67% 1.67 [0.01-470] hosp. time 80 (n) 80 (n) COVIDIT Kirenga (RCT) -21% 1.21 [0.51-2.89] death 10/69 8/67 COVIDIT Kirenga (RCT) 9% 0.91 [0.38-2.16] progression 9/41 7/29 COVIDIT Kirenga (RCT) -50% 1.50 [0.81-2.77] viral time 67 (n) 67 (n) CAPRI Hsue (DB RCT) -212% 3.12 [0.14-71.7] death 1/16 0/18 CAPRI Hsue (DB RCT) -12% 1.12 [0.08-16.6] death 1/16 1/18 CAPRI Hsue (DB RCT) -425% 5.25 [0.27-102] ventilation 2/16 0/18 CAPRI Hsue (DB RCT) -425% 5.25 [0.27-102] progression 2/16 0/18 CAPRI Hsue (DB RCT) -425% 5.25 [0.27-102] progression 2/16 0/18 DAWn-plasma Devos (RCT) 1% 0.99 [0.52-1.88] death 320 (n) 163 (n) DAWn-plasma Devos (RCT) -8% 1.08 [0.65-1.80] ventilation 320 (n) 163 (n) DAWn-plasma Devos (RCT) 0% 1.00 [0.74-1.34] ICU 320 (n) 163 (n) CONCOR-1 Bégin (RCT) -13% 1.13 [0.88-1.45] death 156/625 69/313 CONCOR-1 Bégin (RCT) -12% 1.12 [0.86-1.46] death 141/614 63/307 CONCOR-1 Bégin (RCT) -16% 1.16 [0.94-1.43] death/int. 199/614 86/307 CAPSID Körper (RCT) 37% 0.63 [0.33-1.22] death 11/53 17/52 CAPSID Körper (RCT) 14% 0.86 [0.34-2.20] death 7/53 8/52 CAPSID Körper (RCT) 16% 0.84 [0.62-1.14] no recov. 30/53 35/52 LACCPT Abayomi (DB RCT) -17% 1.17 [0.58-2.35] death 7/11 6/11 TSUNAMI Menichetti (RCT) 23% 0.77 [0.39-1.49] death 14/231 19/240 TSUNAMI Menichetti (RCT) -4% 1.04 [0.62-1.75] ventilation 25/231 25/240 TSUNAMI Menichetti (RCT) 12% 0.88 [0.59-1.33] progression 59/231 67/239 COP20 Holm (RCT) 45% 0.55 [0.11-2.84] death 2/17 3/14 COP20 Holm (RCT) 69% 0.31 [0.01-7.09] ventilation 0/17 1/14 COP20 Holm (RCT) 19% 0.81 [0.25-2.64] progression 4/16 4/13 COP20 Holm (RCT) -57% 1.57 [0.52-4.74] oxygen time 17 (n) 14 (n) COP20 Holm (RCT) -62% 1.62 [0.76-3.46] hosp. time 17 (n) 14 (n) CONTAIN COVID-19 Ortigoza (DB RCT) 12% 0.88 [0.63-1.20] death 59/462 71/462 CONTAIN COVID-19 Ortigoza (DB RCT) 1% 0.99 [0.66-1.47] death 35/463 39/463 CONTAIN COVID-19 Ortigoza (DB RCT) 8% 0.92 [0.74-1.16] WHO scale 468 (n) 473 (n) CONTAIN COVID-19 Ortigoza (DB RCT) 6% 0.94 [0.75-1.18] WHO scale 468 (n) 473 (n) CONTAIN COVID-19 Ortigoza (DB RCT) -2% 1.02 [0.77-1.37] PASC 141 (n) 140 (n) CONTAIN COVID-19 Ortigoza (DB RCT) 5% 0.95 [0.54-1.67] PASC 141 (n) 140 (n) CONTAIN COVID-19 Ortigoza (DB RCT) -15% 1.15 [0.59-2.25] PASC 141 (n) 140 (n) CONTAIN COVID-19 Ortigoza (DB RCT) 18% 0.82 [0.44-1.51] PASC 141 (n) 140 (n) CONTAIN COVID-19 Ortigoza (DB RCT) -18% 1.18 [0.71-1.95] PASC 141 (n) 140 (n) PennCCP2 Bar (RCT) 81% 0.19 [0.04-0.84] death 40 (n) 39 (n) PennCCP2 Bar (RCT) 44% 0.56 [0.24-1.29] no improv. 40 (n) 39 (n) PennCCP2 Bar (RCT) 51% 0.49 [0.18-1.30] ventilation 5/40 10/39 CSSC-004 Sullivan (DB RCT) 86% 0.14 [0.01-2.75] death 0/592 3/589 CSSC-004 Sullivan (DB RCT) 25% 0.75 [0.17-3.32] ICU 3/592 4/589 CSSC-004 Sullivan (DB RCT) 54% 0.46 [0.26-0.80] hosp. 17/592 37/589 Jalili (RCT) -45% 1.45 [0.74-2.87] death 16/60 11/60 Jalili (RCT) -8% 1.08 [0.72-1.63] ICU 27/60 25/60 Jalili (RCT) -250% 3.50 [0.76-16.2] ARDS 7/60 2/60 Jalili (RCT) -10% 1.10 [0.89-1.36] hosp. time 60 (n) 60 (n) Baldeón (DB RCT) 12% 0.88 [0.37-2.11] death 7/63 12/95 PROTECT-Patient van den Berg (RCT) 17% 0.83 [0.41-1.68] death 11/52 13/51 PROTECT-Patient van den Berg (RCT) 67% 0.33 [0.04-3.04] ventilation 1/52 3/51 PROTECT-Patient van den Berg (RCT) 5% 0.95 [0.55-1.63] no improv. 16/47 18/50 PROTECT-Patient van den Berg (RCT) -3% 1.03 [0.62-1.71] no disch. 18/46 19/50 Mesina -29% 1.29 [0.70-2.36] death 18/65 14/65 Mesina -60% 1.60 [0.96-2.65] hosp. time 65 (n) 65 (n) De Santis (RCT) 13% 0.87 [0.48-1.56] death 11/36 25/71 De Santis (RCT) 12% 0.88 [0.42-1.82] death 8/36 18/71 COPLA-II Bajpai (RCT) -14% 1.14 [0.76-1.69] death 42/200 37/200 COPLA-II Bajpai (RCT) -19% 1.19 [0.69-2.06] death 25/200 21/200 COPLA-II Bajpai (RCT) -12% 1.12 [0.67-1.88] ventilation 27/200 24/200 COPLA-II Bajpai (RCT) -2% 1.02 [0.90-1.15] ICU 200 (n) 200 (n) COPLA-II Bajpai (RCT) 0% 1.00 [0.91-1.09] hosp. time 200 (n) 200 (n) COPLA-II Bajpai (RCT) 6% 0.94 [0.71-1.24] no recov. 64/200 68/200 COPLA-II Bajpai (RCT) -1% 1.01 [0.98-1.05] viral+ 200 (n) 200 (n) CP-COVID-19 Rojas (SB RCT) -220% 3.20 [0.64-16.0] death 46 (n) 45 (n) CP-COVID-19 Rojas (SB RCT) 38% 0.62 [0.40-0.97] no disch. 46 (n) 45 (n) CP-COVID-19 Rojas (SB RCT) -25% 1.25 [0.36-4.33] viral+ 46 (n) 45 (n) CP-COVID-19 Rojas (SB RCT) -16% 1.16 [0.33-4.08] viral+ 46 (n) 45 (n) CP-COVID-19 Rojas (SB RCT) -51% 1.51 [0.33-6.98] viral+ 46 (n) 45 (n) CP-COVID-19 Rojas (SB RCT) -12% 1.12 [0.16-7.84] viral+ 46 (n) 45 (n) COOP-COVID-19-MCTI Song (RCT) -52% 1.52 [0.70-3.27] death 22/87 7/42 CORIPLASM Lacombe (RCT) 49% 0.51 [0.20-1.32] death 7/60 12/60 CORIPLASM Lacombe (RCT) 64% 0.36 [0.14-0.97] death 4/22 11/27 CORIPLASM Lacombe (RCT) -68% 1.68 [0.74-3.35] progression 13/60 8/60 CORIPLASM Lacombe (RCT) -4% 1.04 [0.61-1.78] progression 19/60 20/60 CORIPLASM Lacombe (RCT) -7% 1.07 [0.00-9700] hosp. time 60 (n) 60 (n) CCAP-2 Thorlaci.. (DB RCT) -76% 1.76 [0.62-5.01] death 15/98 4/46 CCAP-2 Thorlaci.. (DB RCT) -88% 1.88 [0.56-6.33] death 12/98 3/46 CCAP-2 Thorlaci.. (DB RCT) -72% 1.72 [0.50-5.87] death 11/98 3/46 CCAP-2 Thorlaci.. (DB RCT) -64% 1.64 [0.36-7.60] death 7/98 2/46 CCAP-2 Thorlaci.. (DB RCT) -735% 8.35 [0.47-148] death 5/98 0/46 CCAP-2 Thorlaci.. (DB RCT) -37% 1.37 [0.29-6.52] ventilation 6/94 2/43 CCAP-2 Thorlaci.. (DB RCT) -31% 1.31 [0.45-3.82] ICU 12/89 4/39 CCAP-2 Thorlaci.. (DB RCT) -41% 1.41 [0.72-2.09] 7-point status 98 (n) 46 (n) PLACO COVID Manzini (DB RCT) -25% 1.25 [0.61-2.57] death 14/60 12/60 PLACO COVID Manzini (DB RCT) -10% 1.10 [0.61-1.95] death/int. 17/59 14/56 PLACO COVID Manzini (DB RCT) -6% 1.06 [0.70-1.61] viral time 60 (n) 60 (n) PassItOn Self (DB RCT) -3% 1.03 [0.73-1.44] death 89/482 80/465 PassItOn Self (DB RCT) -26% 1.26 [0.81-1.90] death 63/482 48/465 PassItOn Self (DB RCT) -4% 1.04 [0.82-1.33] 7-point status 487 (n) 473 (n) REMAP-CAP Higgins (RCT) 1% 0.99 [0.86-1.14] death 370/944 324/790 ICU patients Denkinger (RCT) 8% 0.92 [0.75-1.11] death 68 (n) 66 (n) Denkinger (RCT) -2% 1.02 [0.59-1.77] ventilation 19/68 18/66 Denkinger (RCT) 22% 0.78 [0.52-1.16] 7-point status 68 (n) 66 (n) Baksh (DB RCT) -1% 1.01 [0.94-1.09] no recov. 381/538 381/532 Baksh (DB RCT) -4% 1.04 [0.79-1.39] PASC 533 (n) 528 (n) Baksh (DB RCT) 9% 0.91 [0.60-1.37] PASC 232 (n) 234 (n) Baksh (DB RCT) -18% 1.18 [0.80-1.74] PASC 301 (n) 294 (n) Alshamrani (PSM) -14% 1.14 [0.79-1.45] death 24/41 108/205 Alshamrani (PSM) -17% 1.17 [0.93-1.28] progression 34/41 154/205 Alshamrani (PSM) -43% 1.43 [1.13-1.80] ICU 37 (n) 166 (n) Alshamrani (PSM) -32% 1.32 [1.07-1.63] hosp. time 41 (n) 205 (n) Krishnan -270% 3.70 [0.90-15.8] death case control Kasten -4% 1.04 [0.49-2.21] death 7/19 11/31 Kasten -17% 1.17 [0.43-3.15] death 5/19 7/31 Co-CLARITY Gauiran (RCT) -400% 5.00 [0.25-98.5] death 2/22 0/22 Co-CLARITY Gauiran (RCT) -100% 2.00 [0.20-20.5] ICU 2/22 1/22 Co-CLARITY Gauiran (RCT) -7% 1.07 [0.77-1.50] hosp. time 22 (n) 22 (n) Lewandowski -62% 1.62 [0.88-2.98] death 430 (all patients) CP_COVID-19 Khawaja (DB RCT) -154% 2.54 [0.11-59.6] death 1/37 0/20 CP_COVID-19 Khawaja (DB RCT) 73% 0.27 [0.03-2.80] ventilation 1/37 2/20 CP_COVID-19 Khawaja (DB RCT) 46% 0.54 [0.12-2.43] ICU 3/37 3/20 Iasella (PSM) -26% 1.26 [0.93-1.71] death 73/290 58/290 Iasella (PSM) -1% 1.01 [0.86-1.17] ventilation 155/290 154/290 Iasella (PSM) 0% 1.00 [0.82-1.22] progression 118/290 118/290 Shaheen (RCT) 0% 1.00 [0.43-2.31] death 8/30 8/30 Cao (RCT) -224% 3.24 [1.03-10.2] death 36 (n) 36 (n) Cao (RCT) 0% 1.00 [0.07-15.4] severe case 1/36 1/36 Cao (RCT) -40% 1.40 [0.58-3.37] cases 36 (n) 36 (n) Convalescent plasma COVID-19 outcomes c19early.org November 2025 ​1​ OT: comparison with other treatment Favors conv. plasma Favors control
Fig. S1. All outcomes.
Loading..
Fig. S2. Comparison of results for RCTs versus observational studies. For COVID-19 treatments, there is no significant difference between the results of RCTs and observational studies. Observational studies do not systematically over or underestimate efficacy. For high-cost treatments, there is a non-significant trend towards RCTs showing greater efficacy.