Supplementary Data — Convalescent Plasma for COVID-19: real-time meta-analysis of 58 studies

October 2026

Convalescent plasma COVID-19 outcomes

StudyImprovementRR ยท 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk
Libster (DB RCT)50%0.50 ยท 0.09โ€“2.65death2/804/80INFANT-COVID-19 Libster (DB RCT)50%0.50 ยท 0.09โ€“2.65ventilation2/804/80INFANT-COVID-19 Libster (DB RCT)67%0.33 ยท 0.07โ€“1.60ICU2/806/80INFANT-COVID-19 Libster (DB RCT)48%0.52 ยท 0.29โ€“0.94progression13/8025/80INFANT-COVID-19 Balcells (RCT)โˆ’247%3.47 ยท 0.35โ€“11.88death5/282/30 Balcells (RCT)โˆ’163%2.63 ยท 0.43โ€“9.10ventilation5/282/30 Balcells (RCT)โˆ’23%1.23 ยท 0.56โ€“1.89progression13/2812/30 Van Hise (RCT)โˆ’441%5.41 ยท 0.29โ€“101hosp.3/490/23 Korley (RCT)โˆ’396%4.96 ยท 0.58โ€“42.15death5/2501/248C3PO Korley (RCT)10%0.90 ยท 0.64โ€“1.26hosp.51/25756/254C3PO Korley (RCT)6%0.94 ยท 0.72โ€“1.22progression77/25781/254C3PO Alemany (DB RCT)80%0.20 ยท 0.01โ€“4.14death0/1882/188CONV-ERT Alemany (DB RCT)โˆ’5%1.05 ยท 0.60โ€“1.84hosp.22/18821/188CONV-ERT Alemany (DB RCT)โˆ’5%1.05 ยท 0.85โ€“1.30no recov.188 (n)188 (n)CONV-ERT Alemany (DB RCT)โˆ’4%1.04 ยท 0.97โ€“1.11viral load188 (n)188 (n)CONV-ERT Alemany (DB RCT)4%0.96 ยท 0.88โ€“1.05viral load188 (n)188 (n)CONV-ERT Gharbharan (DB RCT)โˆ’1%1.01 ยท 0.06โ€“16.04death1/2071/209CoV-Early Gharbharan (DB RCT)67%0.33 ยท 0.01โ€“8.16ventilation0/2071/209CoV-Early Gharbharan (DB RCT)14%0.86 ยท 0.59โ€“1.22progression207 (n)209 (n)CoV-Early Gharbharan (DB RCT)42%0.58 ยท 0.33โ€“1.02progression123 (n)103 (n)CoV-Early Gharbharan (DB RCT)39%0.61 ยท 0.28โ€“1.34hosp.10/20718/209CoV-Early Gharbharan (DB RCT)โˆ’50%1.50 ยท 0.40โ€“5.64hosp. time207 (n)209 (n)CoV-Early Gharbharan (DB RCT)โˆ’1%1.01 ยท 0.88โ€“1.16no recov.137/207137/209CoV-Early Gharbharan (DB RCT)โˆ’8%1.08 ยท 0.00โ€“88003recov. time207 (n)209 (n)CoV-Early Hoffmann (RCT)51%0.49 ยท 0.05โ€“5.27death1/592/58COVIC-19 Hoffmann (RCT)91%0.09 ยท 0.01โ€“1.60death/hosp.0/595/58COVIC-19 Hoffmann (RCT)89%0.11 ยท 0.01โ€“2.00death/hosp.0/594/58COVIC-19 Hoffmann (RCT)67%0.33 ยท 0.01โ€“7.97ICU0/591/58COVIC-19 Li (RCT)35%0.65 ยท 0.27โ€“1.39death8/5112/50 Li (RCT)15%0.85 ยท 0.53โ€“1.18no improv.25/5229/51 Li (RCT)76%0.24 ยท 0.07โ€“0.64viral+4/2615/23 Avendaรฑo-Solร  (RCT)88%0.12 ยท 0.01โ€“2.11death0/384/43ConPlas-19 Avendaรฑo-Solร  (RCT)93%0.07 ยท 0.00โ€“1.19progression0/387/43ConPlas-19 Avendaรฑo-Solร  (RCT)92%0.08 ยท 0.00โ€“1.40progression0/386/43ConPlas-19 Agarwal (RCT)โˆ’7%1.07 ยท 0.73โ€“1.58death34/23531/229PLACID Agarwal (RCT)โˆ’7%1.07 ยท 0.73โ€“1.58progression44/23541/229PLACID Agarwal (RCT)1%0.99 ยท 0.54โ€“1.81ventilation19/22719/224PLACID Agarwal (RCT)28%0.72 ยท 0.55โ€“0.95viral+56/17376/169PLACID Bajpai (RCT)โˆ’323%4.23 ยท 0.43โ€“41.60death3/141/15ILBS-COVID-02 Bajpai (RCT)โˆ’114%2.14 ยท 0.22โ€“21.10death2/141/15ILBS-COVID-02 Bajpai (RCT)โˆ’221%3.21 ยท 0.38โ€“27.40ventilation3/141/15ILBS-COVID-02 Bajpai (RCT)25%0.75 ยท 0.54โ€“1.04hosp. time14 (n)15 (n)ILBS-COVID-02 Bajpai (RCT)33%0.67 ยท 0.41โ€“1.10viral load14 (n)15 (n)ILBS-COVID-02 AlQahtani (RCT)50%0.50 ยท 0.05โ€“5.08death1/202/20 AlQahtani (RCT)33%0.67 ยท 0.22โ€“2.01ventilation4/206/20 AlQahtani (RCT)22%0.78 ยท 0.57โ€“1.07hosp. time20 (n)20 (n) Simonovich (RCT)4%0.96 ยท 0.50โ€“1.83death25/22812/105PlasmAr Simonovich (RCT)19%0.81 ยท 0.50โ€“1.317-point status228 (n)105 (n)PlasmAr Ray (RCT)33%0.67 ยท 0.30โ€“1.50death10/4014/40 Horby et al. (RCT)โˆ’1%1.01 ยท 0.94โ€“1.08death1,622/5,7951,610/5,763RECOVERY Horby et al. (RCT)0%1.00 ยท 0.93โ€“1.07death1,399/5,7951,408/5,763RECOVERY Horby et al. (RCT)โˆ’1%1.01 ยท 0.97โ€“1.06no disch.1,963/5,7951,941/5,763RECOVERY Gonzalezโˆ’7%1.07 ยท 0.76โ€“1.50death60/13026/60OT1 Gonzalezโˆ’1%1.01 ยท 0.76โ€“1.34death70/13032/60OT1 Pouladza.. (SB RCT)40%0.60 ยท 0.16โ€“2.29death3/305/30 Pouladza.. (SB RCT)โˆ’30%1.30 ยท 0.99โ€“1.71hosp. time30 (n)30 (n) Bennett-.. (DB RCT)19%0.81 ยท 0.36โ€“1.86death16/595/15 Bennett-.. (DB RCT)11%0.89 ยท 0.34โ€“2.31death14/594/15 Bennett-.. (DB RCT)0%1.00 ยท 0.75โ€“1.32no improv.47/5912/15 Elhadi (ICU)โˆ’16%1.16 ยท 0.88โ€“1.54death16/23265/442ICU patients Teofili (RCT)โˆ’100%2.00 ยท 0.16โ€“24.33death1/41/8LIFESAVER Gharbharan (RCT)4%0.96 ยท 0.25โ€“2.41death6/4311/43ConCoVid-19 Gharbharan (RCT)12%0.88 ยท 0.49โ€“1.60no disch.43 (n)43 (n)ConCoVid-19 Choโˆ’4%1.04 ยท 0.64โ€“1.62death402 (n)4,642 (n) Sekine (RCT)โˆ’38%1.38 ยท 0.73โ€“2.63death18/8013/80PLACOVID Sekine (RCT)โˆ’100%2.00 ยท 0.72โ€“5.59death10/805/80PLACOVID Sekine (RCT)โˆ’11%1.11 ยท 0.74โ€“1.66no improv.31/8028/80PLACOVID Sekine (RCT)โˆ’67%1.67 ยท 0.01โ€“470hosp. time80 (n)80 (n)PLACOVID Kirenga (RCT)โˆ’21%1.21 ยท 0.51โ€“2.89death10/698/67COVIDIT Kirenga (RCT)9%0.91 ยท 0.38โ€“2.16progression9/417/29COVIDIT Kirenga (RCT)โˆ’50%1.50 ยท 0.81โ€“2.77viral time67 (n)67 (n)COVIDIT Hsue (DB RCT)โˆ’212%3.12 ยท 0.14โ€“71.70death1/160/18CAPRI Hsue (DB RCT)โˆ’12%1.12 ยท 0.08โ€“16.55death1/161/18CAPRI Hsue (DB RCT)โˆ’425%5.25 ยท 0.27โ€“102ventilation2/160/18CAPRI Hsue (DB RCT)โˆ’425%5.25 ยท 0.27โ€“102progression2/160/18CAPRI Hsue (DB RCT)โˆ’425%5.25 ยท 0.27โ€“102progression2/160/18CAPRI Devos (RCT)1%0.99 ยท 0.52โ€“1.88death320 (n)163 (n)DAWn-plasma Devos (RCT)โˆ’8%1.08 ยท 0.65โ€“1.80ventilation320 (n)163 (n)DAWn-plasma Devos (RCT)0%1.00 ยท 0.74โ€“1.34ICU320 (n)163 (n)DAWn-plasma Bรฉgin (RCT)โˆ’13%1.13 ยท 0.88โ€“1.45death156/62569/313CONCOR-1 Bรฉgin (RCT)โˆ’12%1.12 ยท 0.86โ€“1.46death141/61463/307CONCOR-1 Bรฉgin (RCT)โˆ’16%1.16 ยท 0.94โ€“1.43death/int.199/61486/307CONCOR-1 Kรถrper (RCT)37%0.63 ยท 0.33โ€“1.22death11/5317/52CAPSID Kรถrper (RCT)14%0.86 ยท 0.34โ€“2.20death7/538/52CAPSID Kรถrper (RCT)16%0.84 ยท 0.62โ€“1.14no recov.30/5335/52CAPSID Abayomi (DB RCT)โˆ’17%1.17 ยท 0.58โ€“2.35death7/116/11LACCPT Menichetti (RCT)23%0.77 ยท 0.39โ€“1.49death14/23119/240TSUNAMI Menichetti (RCT)โˆ’4%1.04 ยท 0.62โ€“1.75ventilation25/23125/240TSUNAMI Menichetti (RCT)12%0.88 ยท 0.59โ€“1.33progression59/23167/239TSUNAMI Holm (RCT)45%0.55 ยท 0.11โ€“2.84death2/173/14COP20 Holm (RCT)69%0.31 ยท 0.01โ€“7.09ventilation0/171/14COP20 Holm (RCT)19%0.81 ยท 0.25โ€“2.64progression4/164/13COP20 Holm (RCT)โˆ’57%1.57 ยท 0.52โ€“4.74oxygen time17 (n)14 (n)COP20 Holm (RCT)โˆ’62%1.62 ยท 0.76โ€“3.46hosp. time17 (n)14 (n)COP20 Ortigoza (DB RCT)12%0.88 ยท 0.63โ€“1.20death59/46271/462CONTAIN COVID-19 Ortigoza (DB RCT)1%0.99 ยท 0.66โ€“1.47death35/46339/463CONTAIN COVID-19 Ortigoza (DB RCT)8%0.92 ยท 0.74โ€“1.16WHO scale468 (n)473 (n)CONTAIN COVID-19 Ortigoza (DB RCT)6%0.94 ยท 0.75โ€“1.18WHO scale468 (n)473 (n)CONTAIN COVID-19 Ortigoza (DB RCT)โˆ’2%1.02 ยท 0.77โ€“1.37PASC141 (n)140 (n)CONTAIN COVID-19 Ortigoza (DB RCT)5%0.95 ยท 0.54โ€“1.67PASC141 (n)140 (n)CONTAIN COVID-19 Ortigoza (DB RCT)โˆ’15%1.15 ยท 0.59โ€“2.25PASC141 (n)140 (n)CONTAIN COVID-19 Ortigoza (DB RCT)18%0.82 ยท 0.44โ€“1.51PASC141 (n)140 (n)CONTAIN COVID-19 Ortigoza (DB RCT)โˆ’18%1.18 ยท 0.71โ€“1.95PASC141 (n)140 (n)CONTAIN COVID-19 Bar (RCT)81%0.19 ยท 0.04โ€“0.84death40 (n)39 (n)PennCCP2 Bar (RCT)44%0.56 ยท 0.24โ€“1.29no improv.40 (n)39 (n)PennCCP2 Bar (RCT)51%0.49 ยท 0.18โ€“1.30ventilation5/4010/39PennCCP2 Sullivan (DB RCT)86%0.14 ยท 0.01โ€“2.75death0/5923/589CSSC-004 Sullivan (DB RCT)25%0.75 ยท 0.17โ€“3.32ICU3/5924/589CSSC-004 Sullivan (DB RCT)54%0.46 ยท 0.26โ€“0.80hosp.17/59237/589CSSC-004 Jalili (RCT)โˆ’45%1.45 ยท 0.74โ€“2.87death16/6011/60 Jalili (RCT)โˆ’8%1.08 ยท 0.72โ€“1.63ICU27/6025/60 Jalili (RCT)โˆ’250%3.50 ยท 0.76โ€“16.17ARDS7/602/60 Jalili (RCT)โˆ’10%1.10 ยท 0.89โ€“1.36hosp. time60 (n)60 (n) Baldeรณn (DB RCT)12%0.88 ยท 0.37โ€“2.11death7/6312/95 van den Berg (RCT)17%0.83 ยท 0.41โ€“1.68death11/5213/51PROTECT-Patient van den Berg (RCT)67%0.33 ยท 0.04โ€“3.04ventilation1/523/51PROTECT-Patient van den Berg (RCT)5%0.95 ยท 0.55โ€“1.63no improv.16/4718/50PROTECT-Patient van den Berg (RCT)โˆ’3%1.03 ยท 0.62โ€“1.71no disch.18/4619/50PROTECT-Patient Mesinaโˆ’29%1.29 ยท 0.70โ€“2.36death18/6514/65 Mesinaโˆ’60%1.60 ยท 0.96โ€“2.65hosp. time65 (n)65 (n) De Santis (RCT)13%0.87 ยท 0.48โ€“1.56death11/3625/71 De Santis (RCT)12%0.88 ยท 0.42โ€“1.82death8/3618/71 Bajpai (RCT)โˆ’14%1.14 ยท 0.76โ€“1.69death42/20037/200COPLA-II Bajpai (RCT)โˆ’19%1.19 ยท 0.69โ€“2.06death25/20021/200COPLA-II Bajpai (RCT)โˆ’12%1.12 ยท 0.67โ€“1.88ventilation27/20024/200COPLA-II Bajpai (RCT)โˆ’2%1.02 ยท 0.90โ€“1.15ICU200 (n)200 (n)COPLA-II Bajpai (RCT)0%1.00 ยท 0.91โ€“1.09hosp. time200 (n)200 (n)COPLA-II Bajpai (RCT)6%0.94 ยท 0.71โ€“1.24no recov.64/20068/200COPLA-II Bajpai (RCT)โˆ’1%1.01 ยท 0.98โ€“1.05viral+200 (n)200 (n)COPLA-II Rojas (SB RCT)โˆ’220%3.20 ยท 0.64โ€“16.00death46 (n)45 (n)CP-COVID-19 Rojas (SB RCT)38%0.62 ยท 0.40โ€“0.97no disch.46 (n)45 (n)CP-COVID-19 Rojas (SB RCT)โˆ’25%1.25 ยท 0.36โ€“4.33viral+46 (n)45 (n)CP-COVID-19 Rojas (SB RCT)โˆ’16%1.16 ยท 0.33โ€“4.08viral+46 (n)45 (n)CP-COVID-19 Rojas (SB RCT)โˆ’51%1.51 ยท 0.33โ€“6.98viral+46 (n)45 (n)CP-COVID-19 Rojas (SB RCT)โˆ’12%1.12 ยท 0.16โ€“7.84viral+46 (n)45 (n)CP-COVID-19 Song (RCT)โˆ’52%1.52 ยท 0.70โ€“3.27death22/877/42COOP-COVID-19-MCTI Lacombe (RCT)49%0.51 ยท 0.20โ€“1.32death7/6012/60CORIPLASM Lacombe (RCT)64%0.36 ยท 0.14โ€“0.97death4/2211/27CORIPLASM Lacombe (RCT)โˆ’68%1.68 ยท 0.74โ€“3.35progression13/608/60CORIPLASM Lacombe (RCT)โˆ’4%1.04 ยท 0.61โ€“1.78progression19/6020/60CORIPLASM Lacombe (RCT)โˆ’7%1.07 ยท 0.00โ€“9700hosp. time60 (n)60 (n)CORIPLASM Thorlaci.. (DB RCT)โˆ’76%1.76 ยท 0.62โ€“5.01death15/984/46CCAP-2 Thorlaci.. (DB RCT)โˆ’88%1.88 ยท 0.56โ€“6.33death12/983/46CCAP-2 Thorlaci.. (DB RCT)โˆ’72%1.72 ยท 0.50โ€“5.87death11/983/46CCAP-2 Thorlaci.. (DB RCT)โˆ’64%1.64 ยท 0.36โ€“7.60death7/982/46CCAP-2 Thorlaci.. (DB RCT)โˆ’735%8.35 ยท 0.47โ€“148death5/980/46CCAP-2 Thorlaci.. (DB RCT)โˆ’37%1.37 ยท 0.29โ€“6.52ventilation6/942/43CCAP-2 Thorlaci.. (DB RCT)โˆ’31%1.31 ยท 0.45โ€“3.82ICU12/894/39CCAP-2 Thorlaci.. (DB RCT)โˆ’41%1.41 ยท 0.72โ€“2.097-point status98 (n)46 (n)CCAP-2 Manzini (DB RCT)โˆ’25%1.25 ยท 0.61โ€“2.57death14/6012/60PLACO COVID Manzini (DB RCT)โˆ’10%1.10 ยท 0.61โ€“1.95death/int.17/5914/56PLACO COVID Manzini (DB RCT)โˆ’6%1.06 ยท 0.70โ€“1.61viral time60 (n)60 (n)PLACO COVID Self (DB RCT)โˆ’3%1.03 ยท 0.73โ€“1.44death89/48280/465PassItOn Self (DB RCT)โˆ’26%1.26 ยท 0.81โ€“1.90death63/48248/465PassItOn Self (DB RCT)โˆ’4%1.04 ยท 0.82โ€“1.337-point status487 (n)473 (n)PassItOn Higgins (RCT)1%0.99 ยท 0.86โ€“1.14death370/944324/790REMAP-CAPICU patients Denkinger (RCT)8%0.92 ยท 0.75โ€“1.11death68 (n)66 (n) Denkinger (RCT)โˆ’2%1.02 ยท 0.59โ€“1.77ventilation19/6818/66 Denkinger (RCT)22%0.78 ยท 0.52โ€“1.167-point status68 (n)66 (n) Baksh (DB RCT)โˆ’1%1.01 ยท 0.94โ€“1.09no recov.381/538381/532 Baksh (DB RCT)โˆ’4%1.04 ยท 0.79โ€“1.39PASC533 (n)528 (n) Baksh (DB RCT)9%0.91 ยท 0.60โ€“1.37PASC232 (n)234 (n) Baksh (DB RCT)โˆ’18%1.18 ยท 0.80โ€“1.74PASC301 (n)294 (n) Alshamrani (PSM)โˆ’14%1.14 ยท 0.79โ€“1.45death24/41108/205 Alshamrani (PSM)โˆ’17%1.17 ยท 0.93โ€“1.28progression34/41154/205 Alshamrani (PSM)โˆ’43%1.43 ยท 1.13โ€“1.80ICU37 (n)166 (n) Alshamrani (PSM)โˆ’32%1.32 ยท 1.07โ€“1.63hosp. time41 (n)205 (n) Krishnanโˆ’270%3.70 ยท 0.90โ€“15.80deathcase-control study Kastenโˆ’4%1.04 ยท 0.49โ€“2.21death7/1911/31 Kastenโˆ’17%1.17 ยท 0.43โ€“3.15death5/197/31 Gauiran (RCT)โˆ’400%5.00 ยท 0.25โ€“98.53death2/220/22Co-CLARITY Gauiran (RCT)โˆ’100%2.00 ยท 0.20โ€“20.49ICU2/221/22Co-CLARITY Gauiran (RCT)โˆ’7%1.07 ยท 0.77โ€“1.50hosp. time22 (n)22 (n)Co-CLARITY Lewandowskiโˆ’62%1.62 ยท 0.88โ€“2.98death430 (all patients) Khawaja (DB RCT)โˆ’154%2.54 ยท 0.11โ€“59.64death1/370/20CP_COVID-19 Khawaja (DB RCT)73%0.27 ยท 0.03โ€“2.80ventilation1/372/20CP_COVID-19 Khawaja (DB RCT)46%0.54 ยท 0.12โ€“2.43ICU3/373/20CP_COVID-19 Iasella (PSM)โˆ’26%1.26 ยท 0.93โ€“1.71death73/29058/290 Iasella (PSM)โˆ’1%1.01 ยท 0.86โ€“1.17ventilation155/290154/290 Iasella (PSM)0%1.00 ยท 0.82โ€“1.22progression118/290118/290 Shaheen (RCT)0%1.00 ยท 0.43โ€“2.31death8/308/30 Cao (RCT)โˆ’224%3.24 ยท 1.03โ€“10.20death36 (n)36 (n) Cao (RCT)0%1.00 ยท 0.07โ€“15.38severe case1/361/36 Cao (RCT)โˆ’40%1.40 ยท 0.58โ€“3.37cases36 (n)36 (n)
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1 OT: comparison with other treatment
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โ† Convalescent
Plasma reduces
risk
Convalescent
Plasma increases
risk โ†’
Fig. S1. All outcomes.
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Fig. S2. Comparison of results for RCTs versus observational studies. For COVID-19 treatments, there is no significant difference between the results of RCTs and observational studies. Observational studies do not systematically over or underestimate efficacy. For high-cost treatments, there is a non-significant trend towards RCTs showing greater efficacy.