Supplementary Data — Nitazoxanide for COVID-19: real-time meta-analysis of 14 studies

@CovidAnalysis, October 2026, Version 28V28 (V1 2021)
c19early.org
October 2026

Nitazoxanide COVID-19 outcomes

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk
Rocco (RCT)−404%5.04 · 0.24–104ICU2/1940/198 Rocco (RCT)−2%1.02 · 0.30–3.47hosp.5/1945/198 Rocco (RCT)−16%1.16 · 0.84–1.59no recov.59/19452/198 Rocco (RCT)12%0.88 · 0.80–0.96viral+194 (n)198 (n) Rocco (RCT)14%0.86 · 0.77–0.96viral+136/194162/198 Cadegiani88%0.12 · 0.01–2.52death0/3572/137 Cadegiani97%0.03 · 0.00–0.51ventilation0/3579/137 Cadegiani99%0.01 · 0.00–0.17hosp.0/35727/137 Elalfy87%0.13 · 0.06–0.27viral+7/6244/51CT2 Elalfy58%0.42 · 0.31–0.56viral+26/6251/51CT2 Silva (SB RCT)26%0.74 · 0.38–1.41viral+23 (n)13 (n) Silva (SB RCT)38%0.62 · 0.39–0.97viral+12/2311/13 Rossignol (DB RCT)−206%3.06 · 0.13–74.64death1/1840/195 Rossignol (DB RCT)79%0.21 · 0.02–1.80hosp.1/1845/195 Rossignol (DB RCT)85%0.15 · 0.02–1.22severe case1/1847/195 Rossignol (DB RCT)84%0.16 · 0.02–1.29severe case1/1127/126 Rossignol (DB RCT)−7%1.07 · 0.46–2.49recov. time184 (n)195 (n) ANTICOV (RCT)−104%2.04 · 0.91–4.80progression16/5917/557ANTICOVOT1 CT2 Medhat (RCT)56%0.44 · 0.22–0.88viral+77 (n)73 (n) Chandiwana (RCT)−13%1.13 · 0.23–5.46progression37 (n)39 (n)CT2 Chandiwana (RCT)−23%1.23 · 0.73–2.08recov. time37 (n)39 (n)CT2 Chandiwana (RCT)−67%1.67 · 0.85–3.23viral+27/3725/38CT2 Blum (DB RCT)67%0.33 · 0.07–1.50death2/256/25 Blum (DB RCT)62%0.38 · 0.11–1.25ventilation3/258/25 Blum (DB RCT)56%0.44 · 0.22–0.89hosp. time25 (n)25 (n) Blum (DB RCT)90%0.10 · 0.01–1.78viral+0/234/19 Calderón68%0.32 · 0.04–2.49death1/175/27OT1 Calderón87%0.13 · 0.01–2.33ventilation0/174/27OT1 Calderón59%0.41 · 0.25–0.59ICU0/1716/27OT1 Calderón52%0.48 · 0.29–0.82hosp. time17 (n)27 (n)OT1 Fowotade (RCT)−11%1.11 · 0.61–2.03no recov.31 (n)26 (n)CT2 Fowotade (RCT)−87%1.87 · 0.88–3.98no recov.31 (n)26 (n)CT2 Fowotade (RCT)5%0.95 · 0.34–2.64viral load31 (n)26 (n)CT2 Rocco (DB RCT)−5%1.05 · 0.30–3.50death6/2025/203 Rocco (DB RCT)31%0.69 · 0.40–1.17ICU20/20230/203 Rocco (DB RCT)40%0.60 · 0.35–1.02oxygen22/20233/203 Rocco (DB RCT)64%0.36 · 0.29–0.45no improv.202 (n)203 (n) Rocco (DB RCT)34%0.66 · 0.38–1.15no improv.202 (n)203 (n) Rocco (DB RCT)27%0.73 · 0.58–0.90no disch.202 (n)203 (n) Rocco (DB RCT)8%0.92 · 0.55–1.52no disch.202 (n)203 (n) Sokhela (RCT)66%0.34 · 0.01–8.41death0/2401/265COVER Sokhela (RCT)79%0.21 · 0.01–4.31hosp.0/2402/265COVER Sokhela (RCT)17%0.83 · 0.50–1.40symp. case23/24037/265COVER Sokhela (RCT)−21%1.21 · 0.29–1.58cases23/24037/265COVER Romark (DB RCT)43%0.57 · 0.35–0.92progression13 (n)13 (n) Romark (DB RCT)50%0.50 · 0.22–1.13no recov.13 (n)13 (n) Romark (DB RCT)32%0.68 · 0.32–1.45no recov.13 (n)13 (n) Romark (DB RCT)28%0.72 · 0.29–1.78no recov.13 (n)13 (n) Romark (DB RCT)3%0.97 · 0.46–2.09cases13/62913/613
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1 OT: comparison with other treatment
2 CT: study uses combined treatment
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← Nitazoxanide
reduces riskNitazoxanide
increases risk →
Fig. S1. All outcomes.
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Fig. S2. Comparison of results for RCTs versus observational studies. For COVID-19 treatments, there is no significant difference between the results of RCTs and observational studies. Observational studies do not systematically over or underestimate efficacy. For high-cost treatments, there is a non-significant trend towards RCTs showing greater efficacy.