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Azithromycin for community treatment of suspected COVID-19 in people at increased risk of an adverse clinical course in the UK (PRINCIPLE): a randomised, controlled, open-label, adaptive platform trial

Butler et al., The Lancet, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00461-X, PRINCIPLE, ISRCTN86534580
Mar 2021  
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Ventilation 50% Improvement Relative Risk ICU admission 24% Oxygen therapy 16% Hospitalization 9% Recovery 7% Azithromycin  PRINCIPLE  LATE TREATMENT  RCT Is late treatment with azithromycin beneficial for COVID-19? RCT 1,323 patients in the United Kingdom (May - November 2020) Lower ventilation with azithromycin (not stat. sig., p=0.47) c19early.org Butler et al., The Lancet, March 2021 Favorsazithromycin Favorscontrol 0 0.5 1 1.5 2+
RCT 1,388 outpatients in the UK showing no significant benefit with azithromycin. There was no significant difference in time to first reported recovery or risk of hospitalization or death by 28 days with azithromycin compared to usual care alone. Only 31% of participants had PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection.
risk of mechanical ventilation, 49.6% lower, RR 0.50, p = 0.47, treatment 2 of 496 (0.4%), control 5 of 625 (0.8%), NNT 252.
risk of ICU admission, 24.2% lower, RR 0.76, p = 1.00, treatment 3 of 495 (0.6%), control 5 of 625 (0.8%), NNT 516.
risk of oxygen therapy, 16.2% lower, RR 0.84, p = 0.69, treatment 10 of 497 (2.0%), control 15 of 625 (2.4%), NNT 258.
risk of hospitalization, 8.5% lower, RR 0.91, p = 0.87, treatment 16 of 500 (3.2%), control 22 of 629 (3.5%), NNT 336, concurrent randomization, day 28, Table S2.
risk of no recovery, 7.4% lower, HR 0.93, p = 0.23, treatment 500, control 823, inverted to make HR<1 favor treatment, first reported recovery.
Effect extraction follows pre-specified rules prioritizing more serious outcomes. Submit updates
Butler et al., 31 Mar 2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, United Kingdom, peer-reviewed, 18 authors, study period 22 May, 2020 - 30 November, 2020, trial ISRCTN86534580 (PRINCIPLE). Contact: principle@phc.ox.ac.uk.
This PaperAzithromycinAll
Azithromycin for community treatment of suspected COVID-19 in people at increased risk of an adverse clinical course in the UK (PRINCIPLE): a randomised, controlled, open-label, adaptive platform trial
Chair Christopher C Butler, Jienchi Dorward, Ly-Mee Yu, Oghenekome Gbinigie, F D Gail Hayward, Benjamin R Saville, Oliver Van Hecke, Nick Berry, Michelle Detry, Christina Saunders, Mark Fitzgerald, Victoria Harris, Mahendra G Patel, Simon De Lusignan, Emma Ogburn, Philip H Evans, Nicholas Pb Thomas, Fd Richard Hobbs
The Lancet, doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00461-x
Background Azithromycin, an antibiotic with potential antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties, has been used to treat COVID-19, but evidence from community randomised trials is lacking. We aimed to assess the effectiveness of azithromycin to treat suspected COVID-19 among people in the community who had an increased risk of complications. Methods In this UK-based, primary care, open-label, multi-arm, adaptive platform randomised trial of interventions against COVID-19 in people at increased risk of an adverse clinical course (PRINCIPLE), we randomly assigned people aged 65 years and older, or 50 years and older with at least one comorbidity, who had been unwell for 14 days or less with suspected COVID-19, to usual care plus azithromycin 500 mg daily for three days, usual care plus other interventions, or usual care alone. The trial had two coprimary endpoints measured within 28 days from randomisation: time to first self-reported recovery, analysed using a Bayesian piecewise exponential, and hospital admission or death related to COVID-19, analysed using a Bayesian logistic regression model. Eligible participants with outcome data were included in the primary analysis, and those who received the allocated treatment were included in the safety analysis. The trial is registered with ISRCTN, ISRCTN86534580. Findings The first participant was recruited to PRINCIPLE on April 2, 2020. The azithromycin group enrolled participants between May 22 and Nov 30, 2020, by which time 2265 participants had been randomly assigned, 540 to azithromycin plus usual care, 875 to usual care alone, and 850 to other interventions. 2120 (94%) of 2265 participants provided follow-up data and were included in the Bayesian primary analysis, 500 participants in the azithromycin plus usual care group, 823 in the usual care alone group, and 797 in other intervention groups. 402 (80%) of 500 participants in the azithromycin plus usual care group and 631 (77%) of 823 participants in the usual care alone group reported feeling recovered within 28 days. We found little evidence of a meaningful benefit in the azithromycin plus usual care group in time to first reported recovery versus usual care alone (hazard ratio 1•08, 95% Bayesian credibility interval [BCI] 0•95 to 1•23), equating to an estimated benefit in median time to first recovery of 0•94 days (95% BCI -0•56 to 2•43). The probability that there was a clinically meaningful benefit of at least 1•5 days in time to recovery was 0•23. 16 (3%) of 500 participants in the azithromycin plus usual care group and 28 (3%) of 823 participants in the usual care alone group were hospitalised (absolute benefit in percentage 0•3%, 95% BCI -1•7 to 2•2). There were no deaths in either study group. Safety outcomes were similar in both groups. Two (1%) of 455 participants in the azothromycin plus usual care group and four (1%) of 668 participants in the usual care alone group reported admission to hospital during the trial, not related to..
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Late treatment
is less effective
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